How Did Music Begin

文章内容（节选）

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题目与答案

1. In the first paragraph, what does the writer say about the nature of music?
   • Music is not a universal phenomenon.
   • Music has little value for human survival.
   • Musical ability is made up of many different elements.
   • Speech and musical ability both require people to take turns.

   答案：Musical ability is made up of many different elements.

   原文定位：Like speech, it is not one identifiable cognitive capacity but is composed of multiple separate components

   同义替换：「composed of」↔「made up of」，「multiple separate components」↔「many different elements」

2. 28 Who originally suggested that language and music developed at the same time?
   • John Blacking
   • Nils Wallin
   • Steven Mithen
   • Steven Brown

   答案：Steven Brown

   原文定位：The first, proposed in a preliminary form by Steven Brown (2000), is the co-evolution of what we today call music and language

   同义替换：「developed at the same time」↔「co-evolution」

3. 29 Mithen believes that Neanderthals' proto-music language was used to
   • alert others to danger
   • develop a basic vocabulary
   • affect the behaviour of others
   • distinguish them from other creatures

   答案：affect the behaviour of others

   原文定位：a proto-music language that was holistic;manipulative (influencing emotional states and hence responses of oneself and others)

   同义替换：「affect」↔「influencing」

4. 30 Mithen notes that, for an ancestor common to both Neanderthals and homo sapiens, musical ability may have been relevant when
   • selecting a partner
   • concealing emotions
   • carrying out solitary tasks
   • competing for group leadership

   答案：selecting a partner

   原文定位：at least in homo ergaster (a common ancestor of both Neanderthals and homo sapiens), 'singing and dancing may have provided both indicator and esthetic traits for females when choosing mates

   同义替换：「selecting a partner」↔「choosing mates」

5. The importance given to certain musical features
   • while useful, is limited because of the narrow scope of the investigation.
   • has been limited by the development of speech.
   • must be acknowledged by anyone putting forward an alternative explanation.
   • is not the same in all traditions.
   • is evidence that it has existed for a long time.
   • has been rejected by many authorities.

   答案：is not the same in all traditions.

   原文定位：individual cultures vary in the importance they give to a particular musical feature

   同义替换：「individual cultures」↔「all traditions」，「vary」↔「not the same」

6. The contribution of previous researchers to the study of the evolution of music
   • while useful, is limited because of the narrow scope of the investigation.
   • has been limited by the development of speech.
   • must be acknowledged by anyone putting forward an alternative explanation.
   • is not the same in all traditions.
   • is evidence that it has existed for a long time.
   • has been rejected by many authorities.

   答案：must be acknowledged by anyone putting forward an alternative explanation.

   原文定位：Anyone who subsequently proposes another hypothesis will not be able to neglect the knowledge and questions set forth by Mithen, nor can his conclusions be ignored

   同义替换：「must be acknowledged」↔「not be able to neglect」，「putting forward an alternative explanation」↔「proposes another hypothesis」

7. The contribution of previous researchers to the study of the evolution of music
   • while useful, is limited because of the narrow scope of the investigation.
   • has been limited by the development of speech.
   • must be acknowledged by anyone putting forward an alternative explanation.
   • is not the same in all traditions.
   • is evidence that it has existed for a long time.
   • has been rejected by many authorities.

   答案：while useful, is limited because of the narrow scope of the investigation.

   原文定位：Blacking's ideas lacked evidence from archeology and neurology, while neuroscientist;Wallin neglected paleontology and ethnomusicology

   同义替换：「narrow scope」↔「lacked evidence」

8. Mithen argues that the strong emotional impact of music
   • while useful, is limited because of the narrow scope of the investigation.
   • has been limited by the development of speech.
   • must be acknowledged by anyone putting forward an alternative explanation.
   • is not the same in all traditions.
   • is evidence that it has existed for a long time.
   • has been rejected by many authorities.

   答案：is evidence that it has existed for a long time.

   原文定位：He makes the further point that the emotional power of music indicates a long evolutionary history, not a recent invention aimed at pleasure

   同义替换：「emotional impact」↔「emotional power」，「indicates」↔「is evidence」，「long evolutionary history」↔「existed for a long time」

9. The reviewer disagrees with Mithen's belief that musical ability
   • while useful, is limited because of the narrow scope of the investigation.
   • has been limited by the development of speech.
   • must be acknowledged by anyone putting forward an alternative explanation.
   • is not the same in all traditions.
   • is evidence that it has existed for a long time.
   • has been rejected by many authorities.

   答案：has been limited by the development of speech.

   原文定位：He suggests that the evolution of language has inhibited the musical abilities that modern humans have inherited from the common ancestor that we share with Neanderthals

   同义替换：「development of speech」↔「evolution of language」，「limited」↔「inhibited」

10. 36 Most discussions of music ignore its association with physical movement.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：YES

    原文定位：Mithen's hypotheses account for important aspects that are usually excluded in the majority of discussions of music;he appreciates that it typically includes bodily movement

    同义替换：「ignore」↔「usually excluded」，「physical movement」↔「bodily movement」

11. 37 Evidence to support Mithen's view that music is a shared activity can be found in small communities in remote locations today.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：YES

    原文定位：such small-scale societies well illustrate the ubiquity (and complexity) of communal singing during most daily activity

    同义替换：「shared activity」↔「communal singing」，「small communities」↔「small-scale societies」，「evidence」↔「well illustrate」

12. 38 Mithen believes that the musical quality of adult speech directed at babies is similar to the musical communication of Neanderthals.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：NOT GIVEN

13. 39 Mithen's hypothesis about the adaptive function of music supports that of Steven Pinker.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：NO

    原文定位：However, he disagrees completely with the now notorious pronouncement by Steven Pinker (1997) that music;is itself peripheral and even nonadaptive

    同义替换：「supports」↔「disagrees completely」

14. 40 Modernised societies rely too heavily on electronically produced music.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：NOT GIVEN