The Analysis of Fear

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题目与答案

1. 27 In the first paragraph, the writer points out that
   • fear and stress are different feelings
   • most humans develop strategies for dealing with fear.
   • business situations cause more fear than others.
   • some people never experience fear.

   答案：most humans develop strategies for dealing with fear.

   原文定位：Over the years, the majority of people acquire a range of skills for coping with frightening situations

   同义替换：「most humans」↔「the majority of people」，「develop strategies」↔「acquire skills」，「dealing with fear」↔「coping with frightening situations」

2. 28 When discussing the use of rhesus monkeys as experimental subjects, the writer notes that
   • they react more quickly to fear than humans.
   • they are more influenced by fear than humans.
   • their mental growth resembles that of humans.
   • their brains work more slowly than those of humans.

   答案：their mental growth resembles that of humans.

   原文定位：These animals undergo many of the same physiological and psychological developmental stages that humans do, but in a more compressed time span

   同义替换：「mental growth」↔「psychological developmental stages」，「resembles」↔「the same」

3. 29 Which of the following did Kalin and Shelton outline as the second stage in their research project?
   • the identification of expressions of anxiety in monkeys
   • the identification of situations that arouse stress in monkeys
   • an analysis of brain development in monkeys
   • the study of reactions to fear in monkeys of different ages

   答案：the identification of expressions of anxiety in monkeys

   原文定位：These positions are no more frightening than those that primates encounter frequently in the wild, or those that human infants encounter every time they are left at a day-care center

   同义替换：「monkeys」↔「primates」，「common experiences」↔「encounter frequently」

4. 30 In the fourth paragraph, the writer notes that the three related situations
   • reflect common experiences for infant humans and monkeys.
   • highlight the similarities between monkey and human infant care.
   • were predicted to cause monkeys more distress than human infants.
   • were graded in terms of their potential effect on young monkeys.

   答案：reflect common experiences for infant humans and monkeys.

   原文定位：These positions are no more frightening than those that primates encounter frequently in the wild, or those that human infants encounter every time they are left at a day;care center;

   同义替换：「aggressive」↔「hostile」，「facial expressions」↔「gestures」

5. 31 aggressive facial expressions
   • the alone condition
   • the no-eye-contact condition
   • the stare condition

   答案：the alone condition

   原文定位：So the stare condition evoked a third set of responses. The monkeys made several hostile gestures: barking (forcing air from the abdomen through the vocal cords to emit a harsh, growl-like sound) and staring back. Sometimes the animals mixed the threatening displays with submissive ones, such as fear grimaces, which look something like wary grins, or grinding of teeth

   同义替换：「aggressive」↔「hostile」，「facial expressions」↔「gestures」

6. prolonged stillness
   • the alone condition
   • the no-eye-contact condition
   • the stare condition

   答案：the no-eye-contact condition

   原文定位：In contrast, in the more frightening no-eye-contact situation, the monkeys reduced their activity greatly and sometimes froze for extended periods of time

   同义替换：「prolonged」↔「for extended periods of time」，「stillness」↔「froze」

7. a combination of contradictory signals
   • the alone condition
   • the no-eye-contact condition
   • the stare condition

   答案：the stare condition

   原文定位：Sometimes the animals mixed the threatening displays with submissive ones, such as fear grimaces, which look something like wary grins, or grinding of teeth

   同义替换：「combination」↔「mixed」，「contradictory signals」↔「threatening displays」

8. appeals for maternal protection
   • the alone condition
   • the no-eye-contact condition
   • the stare condition

   答案：the alone condition

   原文定位：In the alone condition, most monkeys became very active and emitted frequent gentle 'coo' calls made with pursed lips. More than 40 years ago it was deduced that when an infant monkey is separated from its mother, it yearns to regain the closeness and security provided by nearness to the parent. These responses help to draw the mother's attention

   同义替换：「appeals for」↔「help to draw」，「maternal protection」↔「mother's attention」

9. the production of soft sounds
   • the alone condition
   • the no-eye-contact condition
   • the stare condition

   答案：the alone condition

   原文定位：In the alone condition, most monkeys became very active and emitted frequent gentle 'coo' calls made with pursed lips

   同义替换：「production of」↔「emitted」，「soft」↔「gentle」

10. Once they had identified three types of defensive behaviour, Kalin and Shelton grouped the monkeys according to their 36_____, in order to discover precisely when they were able to respond appropriately to different fear-related cues.

    答案：age

    原文定位：To establish the critical period of development, they examined four groups of infant monkeys ranging in age up to 12 weeks old

11. They videotaped their results and found that monkeys as young as 37_____ reacted to the cues but in a haphazard fashion.

    答案：two weeks old

    原文定位：They found that the infants in the youngest group (no more than two weeks old) engaged in defensive behaviors

    同义替换：「as young as」↔「no more than」，「haphazard fashion」↔「randomly」

12. The researchers noted that they seemed to be unaware of the 38_____ who were around them.

    答案：human beings

    原文定位：They found that the infants in the youngest group;no more than two weeks old;engaged in defensive behaviors. But they lacked some motor control and seemed to act randomly, as if they had not noticed the human beings that were present

    同义替换：「unaware of」↔「had not noticed」，「who were around them」↔「that were present」

13. Despite demonstrating 39_____, the monkeys in the middle groups failed to react in ways corresponding to the experimental situation.

    答案：good motor control

    原文定位：Babies in the two intermediate-age groups had good motor control, but their actions seemed unrelated to the test condition

    同义替换：「demonstrating」↔「had」

14. The oldest group, however, reacted in the same way as 40_____ and the researchers concluded that monkeys are capable of selective responding between nine and 12 weeks old.

    答案：mature monkeys

    原文定位：Only animals in the oldest group (nine- to 12-week olds) conducted themselves differently in each situation, and their reactions were both appropriate and identical to those of mature monkeys

    同义替换：「reacted in the same way as」↔「identical to those of」