雅思阅读真题(Part 3)

Neanderthal technology

Part 3 · 考频:中频 · 最近考试:2024.3.16

文章内容(节选)

A 

We think of our prehistoric ancestors as people of the ice and snow, living in caves, and for many of the west European Neanderthalers that is a just picture of their life. But where there were no caves, further to the east on the Russian steppe, for example, open-air sites with some sort of constructed shelter were the only option. We now know much more about the cave sites than the open-air ones because, historically, it was the cave sites of Western Europe that were first explored by archaeologists and also because open-air sites are harder to find - many of them have disappeared under deep mud deposits or under the rising postglacial seas. Caves, moreover, aid the survival of archaeological material and can preserve the records of remote millennia.

 

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题目与答案

  1. paragraph_main 27
    • evidence of outdoor dwellings
    • learning to make fire
    • a perfect place to live
    • examining the cave contents
    • contrasting two types of home
    • a vital source of power

    答案:contrasting two types of home

    原文定位:But where there were no caves, further to the east on the Russian steppe, for example, open-air sites with some sort of constructed shelter were the only option

    解析:答案:contrasting two types of home 对比两种居住类型核心解题逻辑 定位段落核心主旨:Section A 的核心是围绕尼安德特人的居住形式展开,开篇先提出西欧尼安德特人以洞穴为居所,随后用But形成转折,指出在无洞穴的东欧(如俄罗斯草原),他们的居住形式为露天搭建的庇护所,这是两种不同居住类型的直接对比。 验证细节支撑:段落后续虽提及洞穴遗址比露天遗址更易研究的原因,但均为补充说明,并非主旨,主旨始终是两种居住类型的对比,进一步确认标题 v 的合理性。

  2. paragraph_main 28
    • evidence of outdoor dwellings
    • learning to make fire
    • a perfect place to live
    • examining the cave contents
    • contrasting two types of home
    • a vital source of power

    答案:a perfect place to live

    原文定位:exceptionally benign habitat for humans

    解析:答案:a perfect place to live(一个宜居的理想之地) 逐点分析匹配依据 开篇直接点题:原文第一句明确指出 “the limestone caves of the Périgord region made ideal homes for the Neanderthal people”(佩里戈尔地区的石灰岩洞穴是尼安德特人的理想家园),与标题 “a perfect place to live” 形成直接对应。 地理与环境优势:原文详细列举该地区的宜居条件,均为 “理想居住地” 的具体佐证: 自然资源充足:有丰富的燧石,可制作工具; 地形气候适宜:洞穴位于河谷,抵御恶劣天气,朝南的洞穴能获得阳光、躲避大风,高地洞穴可防洪且便于观察猎物; 生态资源丰富:海洋性气候让夏凉冬暖,全年充足阳光滋养食草植物,进而为驯鹿、野牛、马等动物提供食物,动物无需远迁,人类就近就能获得充足的肉食。 主旨句强化:原文中 “an exceptionally benign habitat for humans”(对人类来说是特别宜居的栖息地)再次印证该地区是尼安德特人的 “完美居住地”,与标题的核心含义高度契合。

  3. paragraph_main 29
    • evidence of outdoor dwellings
    • learning to make fire
    • a perfect place to live
    • examining the cave contents
    • contrasting two types of home
    • a vital source of power

    答案:evidence of outdoor dwellings

    原文定位:From Moldova, for example, comes evidence that has been interpreted as the remains of wind-break structures, or even a large tent: a ring, up to about 8 x 5m in size, of mainly mammoth bones enclosing a dense concentration of stone tools, animal bones and ash

    解析:答案为evidence of outdoor dwellings(户外住所的证据) 解题核心:抓住 Section C 的核心论述对象 —— 无洞穴区域的尼安德特人户外居住遗迹,判断其与标题选项的精准匹配性,排除偏离主旨的选项。逐点分析匹配依据 开篇定调核心话题:原文首句聚焦中欧、东欧无洞穴的区域,明确论述对象为这里发现的open-air sites(露天 / 户外遗址),直接指向 “户外住所” 这一核心,为标题 i 做铺垫。 给出具体考古实证:原文以摩尔多瓦(Moldova) 为典型例子,详细描述了可被解读为防风设施甚至大型帐篷的遗迹—— 由猛犸象骨骼构成的环形结构,内部还发现石器、动物骨骼和灰烬,这是尼安德特人搭建户外住所的直接实物证据,与标题中 “evidence(证据)”“outdoor dwellings(户外住所)” 形成完全对应。

  4. paragraph_main 30
    • evidence of outdoor dwellings
    • learning to make fire
    • a perfect place to live
    • examining the cave contents
    • contrasting two types of home
    • a vital source of power

    答案:examining the cave contents

    原文定位:In the Grotte du Lazaret, near Nice;claims for some sort of skin tent within the cave have been advanced, on the basis of arrangements of large stones;Finds of wolf and fox foot bones;inside these 'tents' have been thought to indicate the use of animal pelts as bed coverings. The two patches of ash... are edged with small marine mollusc shells;The cave of Baume-Bonne;boasts ten square metres of cobbles brought up from the local river and laid down, as though to take care of a puddle area in the cave

    解析:答案为examining the cave contents(检查洞穴内的物品 / 遗迹)逐点分析匹配依据 核心论述对象明确:开篇指出西欧洞穴中有更多人工建筑遗迹的证据,随后整段内容均围绕具体洞穴内的各类遗存展开细致的考古考察和解读,核心动作就是对洞穴内的物品、遗迹进行检查与分析,与标题 iv 的核心含义高度契合。 以具体洞穴为例,详细考察洞内各类内容 对拉扎雷洞穴(Grotte du Lazaret) 的考察:通过洞内石块的摆放方式,推断洞穴内曾搭建兽皮帐篷;通过帐篷区域发现的狼、狐狸足骨,推测人类使用兽皮做床褥;通过火灰堆周边的海洋软体动物贝壳,推测火边铺有海藻作为寝具,同时还发现了现场制作和使用的石器。 对博姆 - 博纳洞穴(Baume-Bonne) 的考察:发现洞内有从附近河流搬运来的鹅卵石铺成的区域,石块最光滑圆润的一面朝上,推测是为了解决洞穴内的积水问题。 考察的本质是对 “洞穴内容” 的挖掘与解读:整段没有泛泛谈论洞穴,而是聚焦洞穴内的石块、骨骼、火灰、贝壳、鹅卵石等具体物品 / 遗迹,通过对这些内容的分析推导尼安德特人的生活行为,完全是 “examining the cave contents” 的考古实践体现。

  5. paragraph_main 31
    • evidence of outdoor dwellings
    • learning to make fire
    • a perfect place to live
    • examining the cave contents
    • contrasting two types of home
    • a vital source of power

    答案:a vital source of power

    原文定位:survival in the sub-arctic conditions faced by the Neanderthalers is inconceivable without control of fire. Fire gave warmth, light, heat for cooking and defence against predatory animals

    解析:答案为a vital source of power(一种至关重要的能量 / 动力来源) 解题核心:抓住 Section E 的核心主旨 —— 火对尼安德特人的生存具有不可替代的重要性,是其赖以生存的关键资源,以此匹配对应标题并排除无关选项。 逐点分析匹配依据 开篇点明火的核心重要性:原文首句通过灰烬佐证尼安德特人使用火,并直接指出在亚寒带环境中,没有对火的掌控,尼安德特人的生存根本无法想象,直接奠定 “火是其生存关键” 的核心基调,对应标题中 “vital(至关重要的)” 这一属性。 明确火的多重核心作用,体现其 “source of power” 的价值:文中直接列举火的具体功能 —— 提供温暖、光亮、烹饪的热量,还能抵御食肉动物,这些功能是尼安德特人在恶劣环境中生存的核心 “动力 / 能量来源”,火的实用价值让其成为无可替代的关键资源,与标题 “a vital source of power” 高度契合。

  6. a burnt piece of wood
    • A The Périgord region
    • B Moldova
    • C The Grotte du Lazaret
    • D The cave of Baume-Bonne
    • E Krapina

    答案:E Krapina

    原文定位:A charred piece of birch from Krapina in Croatia, is thought to be the remains of a fire-making twirl stick

    解析:答案为E Krapina(克拉皮纳) 解题核心:在原文中定位与 “烧焦的木头” 相关的表述,找到其对应的具体地点,完成匹配。 涉及的阅读原文(对应 Section E 段落) A charred piece of birch from Krapina in Croatia, is thought to be the remains of a fire-making twirl stick. 逐点分析匹配依据 核心词汇对应:题目中的a burnt piece of wood(烧焦的木头)与原文中的a charred piece of birch(一块烧焦的桦木)为同义替换,charred和burnt均表示 “烧焦的”,birch(桦木) 属于 wood(木头)的具体类型,二者完全对应。 地点明确指向:原文直接用from Krapina in Croatia(来自克罗地亚的克拉皮纳)明确该烧焦木头的发现地点,与选项 E Krapina 精准匹配。

  7. evidence of efforts to prevent pools of water forming
    • A The Périgord region
    • B Moldova
    • C The Grotte du Lazaret
    • D The cave of Baume-Bonne
    • E Krapina

    答案:D The cave of Baume-Bonne

    原文定位:boasts ten square metres of cobbles brought up from the local river and laid down, as though to take care of a puddle area in the cave

    解析:答案为D The cave of Baume-Bonne(博姆 - 博纳洞穴)解题核心:在原文中定位与 “防止洞穴积水” 相关的行为描述,找到其对应的具体地点,完成精准匹配。 涉及的阅读原文(对应 Section D 段落) The cave of Baume-Bonne in the Basses-Alpes region of France, another early site, boasts ten square metres of cobbles brought up from the local river and laid down, as though to take care of a puddle area in the cave, with the smoothest and roundest surfaces of the stones uppermost, and there are other similar cases. 逐点分析匹配依据 核心语义对应:题目中的prevent pools of water forming(防止积水形成) 与原文中的take care of a puddle area in the cave(处理洞穴中的积水区域) 为同义表达,“take care of a puddle area” 本质就是通过人工手段避免洞穴出现积水问题,对应题目中 “为防止积水所做的努力”。 实物证据与行为对应:原文明确指出该洞穴中有人工搬运河流鹅卵石铺展的区域(十平方米),且将石块最光滑圆润的一面朝上,这一具体的人工操作行为,就是 “防止积水形成” 的直接实物证据,与题目中的 “evidence(证据)” 完全对应。 地点明确指向:原文开头直接标注该行为的发生地点为The cave of Baume-Bonne(法国下阿尔卑斯地区的博姆 - 博纳洞穴),与选项 D 精准匹配。

  8. the remains of sea creatures
    • A The Périgord region
    • B Moldova
    • C The Grotte du Lazaret
    • D The cave of Baume-Bonne
    • E Krapina

    答案:C The Grotte du Lazaret

    原文定位:The two patches of ash at Lazaret that mark ancient fires... are edged with small marine mollusc shells

    解析:答案为C The Grotte du Lazaret(拉扎雷洞穴) 解题核心:在原文中定位与 “海洋生物遗骸” 相关的表述,找到其对应的具体地点,完成精准匹配,核心在于识别海洋生物相关词汇的同义对应。 涉及的阅读原文(对应 Section D 段落) The two patches of ash at Lazaret that mark ancient fires, with stone tools around them evidently made and used on the spot, are edged with small marine mollusc shells, prompting the excavator to suggest that seaweed had been used as bedding around the fires. 逐点分析匹配依据 核心词汇同义对应:题目中的the remains of sea creatures(海洋生物的遗骸) 与原文中的small marine mollusc shells(小型海洋软体动物的贝壳) 为直接对应,marine mollusc(海洋软体动物) 属于典型的 sea creatures(海洋生物),而shells(贝壳) 是这类海洋生物的遗骸,二者语义完全契合。 地点明确指向:原文中明确提及该海洋生物遗骸的发现位置是Lazaret(拉扎雷洞穴),与选项 C The Grotte du Lazaret 精准匹配。

  9. a circular arrangement of animal bones
    • A The Périgord region
    • B Moldova
    • C The Grotte du Lazaret
    • D The cave of Baume-Bonne
    • E Krapina

    答案:B Moldova

    原文定位:From Moldova, for example, comes evidence that has been interpreted as the remains of wind-break structures, or even a large tent: a ring, up to about 8 x 5m in size, of mainly mammoth bones enclosing a dense concentration of stone tools, animal bones and ash

    解析:答案为B Moldova(摩尔多瓦) 解题核心:在原文中定位与 “动物骨骼环形排列” 相关的实物遗迹描述,锁定其对应的具体地点,完成精准匹配。 涉及的阅读原文(对应 Section C 段落) From Moldova, for example, comes evidence that has been interpreted as the remains of wind-break structures, or even a large tent: a ring, up to about 8 x 5m in size, of mainly mammoth bones enclosing a dense concentration of stone tools, animal bones and ash. 逐点分析匹配依据 核心语义与词汇精准对应:题目中的a circular arrangement of animal bones(动物骨骼的环形排列) 与原文中的a ring...of mainly mammoth bones(一个主要由猛犸象骨骼构成的环形结构) 完全契合。ring(环形) 对应circular arrangement(环形排列),mammoth bones(猛犸象骨骼) 属于animal bones(动物骨骼) 的具体类型,二者是直接的同义表述。 地点明确指向:原文开头以From Moldova(来自摩尔多瓦) 明确该环形骨骼遗迹的发现地点,与选项 B Moldova 精准匹配。

  10. evidence suggesting the use of animal fur for warmth
    • A The Périgord region
    • B Moldova
    • C The Grotte du Lazaret
    • D The cave of Baume-Bonne
    • E Krapina

    答案:C The Grotte du Lazaret

    原文定位:finds of wolf and fox foot bones, without the rest of the skeletons, inside these 'tents' have been thought to indicate the use of animal pelts as bed coverings

    解析:答案为C The Grotte du Lazaret(拉扎雷洞穴) 解题核心:在原文中定位与 “动物皮毛取暖” 相关的考古发现和推测,锁定对应的具体地点,核心是识别 “动物皮毛使用” 的间接证据与题目描述的语义对应。 涉及的阅读原文(对应 Section D 段落) At Lazaret, what might be openings in the hypothesised tents seem to point away from the cave mouth, and finds of wolf and fox foot bones, without the rest of the skeletons, inside these 'tents' have been thought to indicate the use of animal pelts as bed coverings. 逐点分析匹配依据 核心词汇与语义对应 题目中animal fur(动物皮毛) 与原文中的animal pelts(动物毛皮) 为同义替换,二者均指动物的皮毛;题目中for warmth(取暖) 对应原文中as bed coverings(作为床褥 / 铺盖),而床褥是原始人类利用动物皮毛实现取暖、御寒的核心方式,这一考古推测就是 “使用动物皮毛取暖” 的间接证据,与题目中evidence suggesting(表明…… 的证据) 完全契合。 关键证据的指向性 原文指出拉扎雷洞穴的 “帐篷” 区域内,仅发现狼和狐狸的足骨(无完整骨骼),考古学家据此推断这些动物的皮毛被剥离下来当作床褥,这是专门指向动物皮毛使用的考古证据,而非无关联的动物骨骼发现,精准匹配题目的描述。 地点明确锁定 原文明确该发现和推测均发生在Lazaret(拉扎雷洞穴),与选项 C The Grotte du Lazaret 精准对应。

  11. The use of fire
    37 Neanderthalers could not have survived without fire because the conditions they lived in were _____ .

    答案:sub-arctic

    原文定位:and survival in the sub-arctic conditions faced by the Neanderthalers is inconceivable without control of fire

    解析:答案为sub-arctic逐点分析匹配依据 题干与原文语义精准对应 题干句 “Neanderthalers could not have survived without fire because the conditions they lived in were ”(尼安德特人没有火就无法生存,因为他们所处的环境是),与原文 “survival in the sub-arctic conditions... is inconceivable without control of fire”(在______的环境中,没有对火的掌控,尼安德特人的生存根本无法想象)是同义改写。 其中 “could not have survived without fire” 对应原文 “survival... is inconceivable without control of fire”,“the conditions they lived in” 对应原文 “the sub-arctic conditions faced by the Neanderthalers”。

  12. 38 Most evidence of purpose-built fires takes the form of ash piles, features of which suggest that the fires lasted a _____ time.

    答案:short

    原文定位:Judging from the shallow penetration of heat effects under the ash, this fire was only of a short duration

    解析:答案为short 题干与原文语义精准对应 题干句 “Most evidence of purpose-built fires takes the form of ash piles, features of which suggest that the fires lasted a ______ time”(人工搭建火塘的大部分证据都是灰堆,其特征表明这些火燃烧了______时间),与原文中通过灰堆下的热量渗透痕迹,推断出火的燃烧特征是only of a short duration(仅持续了很短的时间)为同义改写。 其中 “lasted a ______ time”(持续…… 时间)与原文 “of a short duration”(持续时间短)完全对应,核心均为描述火的燃烧时长。

  13. 39 It is hard to be certain about the size and structure of the fires, though they were certainly needed to protect the occupants from dangerous _____, among other things.

    答案:animals

    原文定位:Fire gave warmth, light, heat for cooking and defence against predatory animals

    解析:答案为animals 题干与原文语义精准对应 题干句 “It is hard to be certain about the size and structure of the fires, though they were certainly needed to protect the occupants from dangerous ______, among other things”(我们很难确定火的大小和结构,但火无疑是用来保护居住者免受危险______的伤害,还有其他用途),与原文中 “Fire gave... defence against predatory animals(火能…… 抵御食肉动物)” 为同义改写。 其中 “protect the occupants from dangerous”(保护居住者免受危险…… 伤害)对应原文 “defence against”(抵御……),题干中 “dangerous”(危险的)对应原文 “predatory”(食肉的、掠食性的),二者均是修饰火所抵御对象的限定词。

  14. 40 The purpose of the writer of this article is to
    • A argue that Neanderthal homes were bigger than originally thought.
    • B explain why Neanderthal people migrated to Western Europe.
    • C discuss what is known about Neanderthal settlements.
    • D track the progress of early Neanderthal development.

    答案:C discuss what is known about Neanderthal settlements.

    解析:全文核心原文框架(各段核心内容,均为解题关键原文) 本文以尼安德特人的定居点为核心展开,各段落内容均围绕该核心层层推进: Section A:对比西欧尼安德特人的洞穴居所和东部长草原的露天居所,说明洞穴遗址更易被考古发现和保存的原因。 Section B:介绍西欧佩里戈尔地区的洞穴是尼安德特人的理想定居点,详细阐述该区域洞穴的宜居条件。 Section C:讲述中欧、东欧无洞穴区域的露天定居点特征,以摩尔多瓦为例给出户外住所的考古证据。Section D:分析西欧洞穴定居点内的各类考古遗存,通过拉扎雷洞穴、博姆 - 博纳洞穴的实例,解读尼安德特人在洞穴内的生活布局。 Section E:说明火在尼安德特人定居点中的关键作用,以及他们使用火的方式、遗迹特征,火是支撑其定居生存的重要条件。 逐点分析正确选项匹配依据 选项 Cdiscuss what is known about Neanderthal settlements是对全文主旨的精准概括: 核心论述对象一致:全文自始至终围绕尼安德特人的定居点展开,包括洞穴定居点、露天定居点的分布、特征、考古证据,以及定居点内的生存方式(如火的使用、居所搭建),均属于 “尼安德特人定居点的已知信息”。 写作行为匹配 “discuss”:作者并非下结论、论证某一单一观点,也非追踪发展,而是客观梳理、介绍、分析目前考古学界对尼安德特人定居点的各类发现和研究结论(如洞穴的宜居性、户外住所的遗迹、洞穴内的遗存解读等),符合 “探讨(discuss)” 的写作特征。 内容范围匹配 “what is known”:文中所有信息均为考古发现的已知事实 / 合理推测(如 “被解读为防风设施的猛犸象骨骼环”“推测兽皮被用作床褥”),无未知内容的猜测,与 “目前已知的信息” 完全对应。

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