# Images and places - 科目：雅思阅读真题（Part 3） - 考频：中频 - 最近考试：2016.3.14 - 题目数：14 - 来源页：https://www.yaquan.site/paper/36b1e3ee-0f00-42ae-8f63-8a48bcd69d6b（在线机考练习与音频请访问该页面） - 数据更新：2026-10-29 ## 题目原文 A new research method uses photography to try to explain why people form an attachment to certain places A Human beings naturally become attached to places they visit or inhabit and these emotional attachments have become increasingly important in research on recreation sites and activities. Research into this phenomenon is called 'sense-of-place research'. This research has employed a variety of approaches to gauge people's feelings toward a place, including surveys and personal interviews, but so far has not used photo-based methods. However, Visitor Employed Photography (VEP), used to capture visitor perceptions of landscape and recreational quality, represents a potential innovation in sense-of-place research. B A 'place' is a setting that we give meaning to based on the personal experiences, relationships and feelings we associate with it. A crucial distinction that needs to be made is between the more subjective concept of attachment and the symbolic 'meanings' or labels we use to describe the type of place a setting represents. Is, for example, a multiple-use forest area a wilderness? A playground? A workplace? Symbolic meanings are important in that they form the basis of our attachment to a place: we attribute meaning to our settings, and in turn become attached to the meanings (Stedman, 2003). All settings can have multiple meanings depending on how we encounter them. Some researchers suggest that, because meaning emerges through individual experience, for example 'my camping trip', place meanings are completely individualistic: a given setting such as a park will contain as many different meanings as there are people using the setting (Meinig, 1979). Others, however, (e.g. Greider and Garkovich, 1994) assert that meanings are based on social categories and therefore are shared by others within these categories. C Clearly, place attachment is built through familiarity with a place over a period of months or even years. Relph (1976) describes sense-of-place attachment as the steady accumulation of events within a setting; this creates 'home places'. According to this view, those who have participated fully in the life of the home or community, or have accumulated a series of everyday events in a setting, will have the strongest attachment to it. Extended residence in a place tends to make us feel toward it almost as a living thing, affecting our emotions in the same way as a family would (Ryden, 1993). However, Tuan (1977) notes that a sense of place may also develop quite rapidly in 'chosen places', where dramatic landscapes and intense experiences can lead to an immediate attachment. Indeed, many settings, especially those that attract visitors, may simultaneously exist as home places and chosen places. D Clearly we are dealing with a complex phenomenon and photo-based research methods may help us to understand it better. In VEP, tourists are asked to take photographs. This technique has primarily been used to assess the perceptions of visitors to parks and recreation places. Haywood (1990) describes several benefits of VEP. Photography is an enjoyable, familiar activity to tourists which helps to sharpen observation and identify specific locations that are important. It can give clearer ideas on elements that are liked or disliked and also facilitates comparisons between places. E However, several methodological issues need to be taken into account. First, who should take the photographs? VEP research typically involves visitors or tourists but, when applied to questions of attachment to a community, this approach has potential pitfalls. Chenoweth (1984) notes that research subjects may take photos that represent only a part of their entire recreational experience. This tendency probably relates to unfamiliarity with the setting. For example, when researchers assign the task of photographing a travel route with which respondents are not familiar, participants may save too many pictures and then use them all up at the end of their visit, even if there is no suitable material. Markwell (1997) noted an opposite tendency in his study of pictures taken on a nature tour: beginnings of excursions were over-represented, due perhaps to the initial novelty of the trip. Furthermore, Haywood (1990) suggests that compressing the photo-taking period into a single day (as he did in his work) may result in an over-representation of tourist icons rather than ordinary places. In contrast, Yamashita (2002), when focusing on local residents' perceptions of the qualities of the water around them, noted that residents may have more difficulty expressing visual appeal than visitors, precisely because they are insiders and less conscious of aesthetic qualities. When addressing complex attachment to landscape, we would expect, however, that familiarity ought to increase the validity of the items selected to represent sources of attachment. We also expect that photographs taken by local residents will represent a wider range of phenomena than pictures taken by transient visitors. F But how should the photographs be interpreted? Goin (2001) notes that with every photo taken 'a fiction is created... but presents to the uninformed an overwhelming conviction of fact' (p. 363). By implication, what photos appear to be and what they really represent may be very different things, and some follow-up helps to uncover the intended meanings of the participant. Yamashita (2002) notes the utility of asking respondents to provide descriptions of each photo in a notebook or diary. These elaborations are helpful, but in cases of complex phenomena, an interview may help participants clarify their intentions (Markwell, 1997). ## 题目与答案 ### 27. paragraph_main - the relevance of time to the sense of belonging to a place - marketing sense of photo graphic studies - the advantages of photography in sense-of-place research - reasons for weak attachments - a new approach to sense-of-place research - defining the significance of places **答案**：a new approach to sense-of-place research 原文定位：This research has employed a variety of approaches to gauge people's feelings toward a place, including surveys and personal interviews, but so far has not used photo-based methods. However, Visitor Employed Photography (VEP), used to capture visitor perceptions of landscape and recreational quality, represents a potential innovation in sense-of-place research ### 28. paragraph_main - the relevance of time to the sense of belonging to a place - marketing sense of photo graphic studies - the advantages of photography in sense-of-place research - reasons for weak attachments - a new approach to sense-of-place research - defining the significance of places **答案**：defining the significance of places 原文定位：A 'place' is a setting that we give meaning to based on the personal experiences, relationships and feelings we associate with it. A crucial distinction that needs to be made is between the more subjective concept of attachment and the symbolic 'meanings' or labels we use to describe the type of place a setting represents;Symbolic meanings are important in that they form the basis of our attachment to a place: we attribute meaning to our settings, and in turn become attached to the meanings;some researchers suggest that place meanings are completely individualistic;Others assert that meanings are based on social categories and therefore are shared by others within these categories ### 29. paragraph_main - the relevance of time to the sense of belonging to a place - marketing sense of photo graphic studies - the advantages of photography in sense-of-place research - reasons for weak attachments - a new approach to sense-of-place research - defining the significance of places **答案**：the relevance of time to the sense of belonging to a place 原文定位：Clearly, place attachment is built through familiarity with a place over a period of months or even years;Extended residence in a place tends to make us feel toward it almost as a living thing;However, Tuan (1977) notes that a sense of place may also develop quite rapidly in 'chosen places', where dramatic landscapes and intense experiences can lead to an immediate attachment ### 30. paragraph_main - the relevance of time to the sense of belonging to a place - marketing sense of photo graphic studies - the advantages of photography in sense-of-place research - reasons for weak attachments - a new approach to sense-of-place research - defining the significance of places **答案**：the advantages of photography in sense-of-place research 原文定位：Clearly we are dealing with a complex phenomenon and photo-based research methods may help us to understand it better. In VEP, tourists are asked to take photographs;Haywood (1990) describes several benefits of VEP. Photography is an enjoyable, familiar activity to tourists which helps to sharpen observation and identify specific locations that are important. It can give clearer ideas on elements that are liked or disliked and also facilitates comparisons between places ### 31. paragraph_main - the relevance of time to the sense of belonging to a place - marketing sense of photo graphic studies - the advantages of photography in sense-of-place research - reasons for weak attachments - a new approach to sense-of-place research - defining the significance of places **答案**：important considerations when using VEP 原文定位：However, several methodological issues need to be taken into account. First, who should take the photographs? VEP research typically involves visitors or tourists but, when applied to questions of attachment to a community, this approach has potential pitfalls;Chenoweth (1984) notes that research subjects may take photos that represent only a part of their entire recreational experience;Markwell (1997) noted an opposite tendency in his study;Furthermore, Haywood (1990) suggests that compressing the photo-taking period into a single day;may result in an over-representation of tourist icons;In contrast, Yamashita (2002);noted that residents may have more difficulty expressing visual appeal than visitors ### 32. paragraph_main - the relevance of time to the sense of belonging to a place - marketing sense of photo graphic studies - the advantages of photography in sense-of-place research - reasons for weak attachments - a new approach to sense-of-place research - defining the significance of places **答案**：important considerations when using VEP 原文定位：But how should the photographs be interpreted? Goin (2001) notes that with every photo taken 'a fiction is created;but presents to the uninformed an overwhelming conviction of fact;By implication, what photos appear to be and what they really represent may be very different things, and some follow-up helps to uncover the intended meanings of the participant. Yamashita (2002) notes the utility of asking respondents to provide descriptions of each photo;These elaborations are helpful, but in cases of complex phenomena, an interview may help participants clarify their intentions (Markwell, 1997) ### 33. Our attachment to a place can happen quickly. Our attachment to a place can happen quickly. - A Meinig - B Greider and Garkovich - C Ryden - D Tuan - E Haywood - F Markwell **答案**：D Tuan 原文定位：However, Tuan (1977) notes that a sense of place may also develop quite rapidly in 'chosen places', where dramatic landscapes and intense experiences can lead to an immediate attachment ### 34. Limiting the amount of time for taking photographs may produce a narrow range of images. Limiting the amount of time for taking photographs may produce a narrow range of images. - A Meinig - B Greider and Garkovich - C Ryden - D Tuan - E Haywood - F Markwell **答案**：E Haywood 原文定位：Haywood (1990) suggests that compressing the photo-taking period into a single day (as he did in his work) may result in an over-representation of tourist icons rather than ordinary places ### 35. Members of a group will hold a similar view about a place. Members of a group will hold a similar view about a place. - A Meinig - B Greider and Garkovich - C Ryden - D Tuan - E Haywood - F Markwell **答案**：B Greider and Garkovich 原文定位：Others, however, (e.g. Greider & Garkovich, 1994) assert that meanings are based on social categories and therefore are shared by others within these categories. For example, farmers share certain meanings for a plot of land that are distinct from those of real-estate developers or hunters ### 36. Given time, a place can have the same impact on us as people do. Given time, a place can have the same impact on us as people do. - A Meinig - B Greider and Garkovich - C Ryden - D Tuan - E Haywood - F Markwell **答案**：C Ryden 原文定位：Extended residence in a place tends to make us feel toward it almost as a living thing, affecting our emotions in the same way as a family would (Ryden, 1993) ### 37. Tourists should keep a written account of their photographs. Tourists should keep a written account of their photographs. - A Meinig - B Greider and Garkovich - C Ryden - D Tuan - E Haywood - F Markwell **答案**：G Yamashita 原文定位：Yamashita (2002) notes the utility of asking respondents to provide descriptions of each photo in a notebook or diary ### 38. Each place means something different to each visitor. Each place means something different to each visitor. - A Meinig - B Greider and Garkovich - C Ryden - D Tuan - E Haywood - F Markwell **答案**：A Meinig 原文定位：Some researchers suggest that, because meaning emerges through individual experience, for example 'my camping trip', place meanings are completely individualistic: a given setting such as a park will contain as many different meanings as there are people using the setting (Meinig, 1979) ### 39. 39 The 2002 study by Yamashita shows that local residents 39 The 2002 study by Yamashita shows that local residents - A appreciate the beauty of their surroundings. - B know their surroundings too well to appreciate them. - C consider water the most important aspect of their surroundings. - D dislike the negative impact of visitors on their surroundings. **答案**：B know their surroundings too well to appreciate them. 原文定位：Yamashita (2002), when focusing on local residents' perceptions of the qualities of the water around them, noted that residents may have more difficulty expressing visual appeal than visitors, precisely because they are insiders and less conscious of aesthetic qualities ### 40. 40 In the final paragraph, the writer states that photographs present 40 In the final paragraph, the writer states that photographs present - A a factual account of a visit. - B an unreliable source for research. - C a clear picture of the visitor's feelings. - D an image that needs to be explained to others. **答案**：D an image that needs to be explained to others. 原文定位：Goin (2001) notes that with every photo taken 'a fiction is created... but presents to the uninformed an overwhelming conviction of fact' (p. 363). By implication, what photos appear to be and what they really represent may be very different things, and some follow-up helps to uncover the intended meanings of the participant --- 以上内容由鸭圈雅思真题库（www.yaquan.site）提供，收录近期雅思考试真题回忆，支持在线机考模式免费练习。