雅思阅读真题（Part 3）
Part 3 · 考频：中频 · 最近考试：2019.2.16/2016.9.10/2011.9.15
A
Learning theory is rooted in the work of Ivan Pavlov,the famous scientist who discovered and documented the principles governing how animals (humans included) learn in the 1900s.Two basic kinds of learning or conditioning occur,one of which is famously known as the classical condition. Classical conditioning happens when an animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus(signal) with a stimulus that has intrinsic meaning based on how closely in time the two stimuli are presented.The classic example of classical conditioning is a dog’s ability to associate the sound of a bell (something that originally has no meaning to the dog) with the presentation of food (something that has a lot of meaning for the dog) a few moments later.Dogs are able to learn the association between bell and food, and will salivate immediately after hearing the bell once this connection has been made.Years of learning research have led to the creation of a highly precise learning theory that can be used to understand and predict how and under what circumstances most any animal will learn,including human beings,and eventually help people figure out how to change their behaviors.
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答案：D
原文定位：Further elegant experiments showed that naive adults could develop the skill if they were provided with cones from which the first complete spiral of scales had been removed, rather like our new photocopier which you can work out how to use once someone has shown you how to switch it on
同义替换：「comparison」↔「rather like」
答案：social
原文定位：The two species also differ in their social structure, the nutcracker being rather solitary while the jay forages in social groups
答案：observer
原文定位：In the role of cacher, not only nutcracker but also the less specialized jay performed above chance; more surprisingly, however, jay observers were as successful as jay cachers whereas nutcracker observers did no better than chance
同义替换：「showed different performance」↔「performed above chance」，「at finding the seeds」↔「discovery rate」
答案：watched
原文定位：The design is slightly comical with a cacher bird wandering about a room with lots of holes in the floor hiding food in some of the holes, while watched by an observer bird perched in a cage
同义替换：「seeds」↔「food」
答案：observer
原文定位：In the role of cacher, not only nutcracker but also the less specialized jay performed above chance; more surprisingly, however, jay observers were as successful as jay cachers whereas nutcracker observers did no better than chance
同义替换：「showed different performance」↔「performed above chance」，「at finding the seeds」↔「recover caches」
答案：Nutcracker
原文定位：In the role of cacher,not only nutcracker but also the less specialized jay performed above chance;more surprisingly,however,jay observers were as successful as jay cachers whereas nutcracker observers did no better than chance
同义替换：「didn't do as well as its counterpart」↔「did no better than chance」
答案：A
原文定位：Learning theory is rooted in the work of Ivan Pavlov,the famous scientist who discovered and documented the principles governing how animals (humans included) learn in the 1900s
同义替换：「reference to」↔「rooted in the work of」，「earliest study」↔「the pioneering work of」
答案：C
原文定位：So the investigation started with no weighty theoretical intent, but was directed at finding out what was eating the nutritious pine seeds and how they managed to get them out of the cones. The culprit proved to be the versatile and athletic black rat
同义替换：「discovery」↔「finding out」
答案：E
原文定位：This was determined by measuring oxygen uptake of a rat stripping a cone in a metabolic chamber to calculate energetic cost and comparing it with the benefit of the pine seeds measured by calorimeter. The cost proved to be less than 10% of the energetic value of the cone. An acceptable profit margin
答案：FALSE
原文定位：The research reported in one paper started with a school field trip to Israel to a pine forest where many pine cones were discovered, stripped to the central core. So the investigation started with no weighty theoretical intent, but was directed at finding out what was eating the nutritious pine seeds and how they managed to get them out of the cones
答案：TRUE
原文定位：The culprit proved to be the versatile and athletic black rat (Rattus rattus) and the technique was to bite each cone scale off at its base, in sequence from base to tip following the spiral growth pattern of the cone
同义替换：「pine cones were stripped」↔「bite each cone scale off」，「from bottom to top」↔「from base to tip」
答案：TRUE
原文定位：Further elegant experiments showed that naive adults could develop the skill if they were provided with cones from which the first complete spiral of scales had been removed, rather like our new photocopier which you can work out how to use once someone has shown you how to switch it on
同义替换：「can be learned from other relevant experiences」↔「once someone has shown you how to switch it on」
答案：FALSE
原文定位：Urban black rats were found to lack the skill and were unable to learn it even if housed with experienced cone strippers. However, infants of urban mothers cross fostered to stripper mothers acquired the skill, whereas infants of stripper mothers fostered by an urban mother could not. Clearly the skill had to be learned from the mother
同义替换：「instinct」↔「Clearly the skill had to be learned from the mother」
答案：less
原文定位：The former is a specialist, catching 30,000 or so seeds in scattered locations that it will recover over the months of winter, the Mexican jay will also cache food but is much less dependent upon this than the nutcracker
同义替换：「relies」↔「dependent」