Placebo effect - the power of nothing

题目与答案

1. 14 Appointments with alternative practitioner
   • should be easy to understand.
   • ought to improve by itself.
   • should not involve any mysticism.
   • ought to last a minimum length of time.
   • needs to be treated at the right time.
   • should give more recognition.

   答案：ought to last a minimum length of time.

   原文定位：each session with your patients should last at least half an hour

2. 15 An alternative practitioner`s description of treatment
   • should be easy to understand.
   • ought to improve by itself.
   • should not involve any mysticism.
   • ought to last a minimum length of time.
   • needs to be treated at the right time.
   • should give more recognition.

   答案：should be easy to understand.

   原文定位：Describe your treatment in familiar words, but embroidered with a hint of mysticism: energy fields, energy flows, energy blocks, meridians, forces, auras, rhythms and the like

3. 16 An alternative practitioner who has faith in what he does
   • should be easy to understand.
   • ought to improve by itself.
   • should not involve any mysticism.
   • ought to last a minimum length of time.
   • needs to be treated at the right time.
   • should give more recognition.

   答案：can earn high income.

   原文定位：A good living if you are sufficiently convincing or, better still, really believe in your therapy

4. 17 The illness of patients convinced of alternative practice
   • should be easy to understand.
   • ought to improve by itself.
   • should not involve any mysticism.
   • ought to last a minimum length of time.
   • needs to be treated at the right time.
   • should give more recognition.

   答案：ought to improve by itself.

   原文定位：Many illnesses get better on their own, so if you are lucky and administer your treatment at just the right time you'll get the credit

5. 18 Improvements of patients receiving alternative practice
   • should be easy to understand.
   • ought to improve by itself.
   • should not involve any mysticism.
   • ought to last a minimum length of time.
   • needs to be treated at the right time.
   • should give more recognition.

   答案：do not rely on any specific treatment.

   原文定位：Not necessarily because you'd recommended ginseng rather than camomile tea or used this crystal as opposed to that pressure point. Nothing so specific

6. 19 Conventional medical doctors
   • should be easy to understand.
   • ought to improve by itself.
   • should not involve any mysticism.
   • ought to last a minimum length of time.
   • needs to be treated at the right time.
   • should give more recognition.

   答案：should give more recognition.

   原文定位：In fact, the placebo effect is a powerful part of all medical care, orthodox or otherwise, though its role is often neglected and misunderstood

7. 20 In the fifth paragraph, the writer uses the example of anger and sadness to illustrate that
   • people`s feelings could affect their physical behavior.
   • how placebo achieves its effect is yet to be understood.
   • scientists don`t understand how the mind influences the body.
   • research on the placebo effect is very limited.

   答案：people`s feelings could affect their physical behavior.

   原文定位：At one level, it should come as no surprise that our state of mind can influence our physiology: anger opens the superficial blood vessels of the face; sadness pumps the tear glands

8. 21 Research on pain control attracts most of the attention because
   • only a limited number of researches have been conducted so far.
   • scientists have discovered that endorphins can help to reduce pain.
   • pain reducing agents might also be involved in placebo effect.
   • patients often experience pain and like to complain about it.

   答案：pain reducing agents might also be involved in placebo effect.

   原文定位：Most of the scant research to date has focused on the control of pain, because it`s one of the commonest complaints and lends itself to experimental study. Here, attention has turned to the endorphins, natural counterparts of morphine that are known to help control pain. “Any of the neurochemicals involved in transmitting pain impulses or modulating them might also be involved in generating the placebo response

9. 22 Fabrizio Benedetti`s research on endorphins indicates that
   • they are widely used to regulate pain.
   • they can be produced by willful thoughts.
   • they can be neutralized by introducing naloxone.
   • their pain-relieving effects do not last long enough.

   答案：they can be neutralized by introducing naloxone.

   原文定位：the placebo effect can be abolished by a drug, naloxone, which blocks the effects of endorphins

10. 23 There is enough information for scientists to fully understand the placebo effect.
    • TRUE
    • FALSE
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：FALSE

    原文定位：But exactly how placebos work their medical magic is still largely unknown. Most of the scant research to date has focused on the control of pain

11. 24 A London based researcher discovered that red pills should be taken off the market.
    • TRUE
    • FALSE
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：FALSE

    原文定位：A London rheumatologist found, for example, that red dummy capsules made more effective painkillers than blue, green or yellow ones

12. 25 People`s preference on brands would also have effect on their healing.
    • TRUE
    • FALSE
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：TRUE

    原文定位：Even branding can make a difference: if Aspro or Tylenol are what you like to take for a headache, their chemically identical generic equivalents may be less effective

13. 26 Medical doctors had a range of views of the newly introduced drug of chlo-rpromazine.
    • TRUE
    • FALSE
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：TRUE

    原文定位：Decades ago, when the major tranquilliser chlorpromazine was being introduced, a doctor in Kansas categorised his colleagues according to whether they were keen on it, openly sceptical of its benefits, or took a “let`s try and see” attitude

14. 27 Alternative practitioners are seldom known for applying placebo effect.
    • TRUE
    • FALSE
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：FALSE

    原文定位：One of the great strengths of CAM may be its practitioners' skill in deploying the placebo effect to accomplish real healing;It`s hardly surprising, then, that complementary practitioners are generally best at mobilising the placebo effect