Yawning

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题目与答案

1. Provine's early findings on yawns

   27 Through his observation of yawns, Provine was able to confirm that _____ do not exist.
   • form and function
   • long yawns
   • 3 seconds
   • fixed action pattern
   • 68 seconds
   • short yawns

   答案：half-yawns

   原文定位：There are no half-yawns: this is an example of the typical intensity of fixed action patterns and a reason why you cannot stifle yawns

   同义替换：「do not exist」↔「There are no」

2. 28 Just like a _____, yawns cannot be interrupted after they have begun.
   • form and function
   • long yawns
   • 3 seconds
   • fixed action pattern
   • 68 seconds
   • short yawns

   答案：sneeze

   原文定位：It is not a reflex;but, once started, a yawn progresses with the inevitability of a sneeze

   同义替换：「cannot be interrupted」↔「inevitability」

3. 29 This is because yawns occur as a _____ rather than a stimulus response as was previously thought.
   • form and function
   • long yawns
   • 3 seconds
   • fixed action pattern
   • 68 seconds
   • short yawns

   答案：fixed action pattern

   原文定位：It is an excellent example of the instinctive 'fixed action pattern' of classical animal-behavior study;It is not a reflex;but, once started, a yawn progresses with the inevitability of a sneeze

   同义替换：「rather than a stimulus response」↔「not a reflex」，「occur as a」↔「fixed action pattern」

4. 30 In measuring the time taken to yawn, Provine found that a typical yawn lasts about _____ .
   • form and function
   • long yawns
   • 3 seconds
   • fixed action pattern
   • 68 seconds
   • short yawns

   答案：6 seconds

   原文定位：The standard yawn runs its course over about six seconds on average, but its duration can range from about three seconds to much longer than the average

   同义替换：「lasts about」↔「runs its course over about」，「typical」↔「standard」，「the time taken to」↔「duration」

5. 31 He also found that it is common for people to yawn a number of times in quick succession with the yawns usually being around _____ apart.
   • form and function
   • long yawns
   • 3 seconds
   • fixed action pattern
   • 68 seconds
   • short yawns

   答案：68 seconds

   原文定位：Just like a cough, yawns can come in bouts with a highly variable inter-yawn interval, which is generally about 68 seconds but rarely more than 70

   同义替换：「a number of times in quick succession」↔「come in bouts」，「usually」↔「generally」

6. 32 When studying whether length and rate were connected, Provine concluded that people who yawn less do not necessarily produce _____ to make up for this.
   • form and function
   • long yawns
   • 3 seconds
   • fixed action pattern
   • 68 seconds
   • short yawns

   答案：short yawns

   原文定位：There is no relation between yawn frequency and duration: producers of short or long yawns do not compensate by yawning more or less often

   同义替换：「length and rate were connected」↔「relation between yawn frequency and duration」，「make up for」↔「compensate」

7. 33 What did Provine conclude from his 'closed nose yawn' experiment?
   • Ending a yawn requires use of the nostrils.
   • You can yawn without breathing through your nose.
   • Breathing through the nose produces a silent yawn.
   • The role of the nose in yawning needs further investigation.

   答案：You can yawn without breathing through your nose.

   原文定位：Most subjects report being able to perform perfectly normal closed nose yawns. This indicates that the inhalation at the onset of a yawn, and the exhalation at its end, need not involve the nostrils - the mouth provides a sufficient airway

   同义替换：「without breathing through your nose」↔「not involve the nostrils」

8. 34 Provine's 'clenched teeth yawn' experiment shows that
   • yawning is unconnected with fatigue.
   • a yawn is the equivalent of a deep intake of breath.
   • you have to be able to open your mouth wide to yawn.
   • breathing with the teeth together is as efficient as through the nose.

   答案：you have to be able to open your mouth wide to yawn.

   原文定位：This shows that gaping of the jaws is an essential component of the fixed action pattern of the yawn, and unless it is accomplished, the program (or pattern) will not run to completion

9. 35 The nose yawn experiment was used to test whether yawning
   • can be stopped after it has started.
   • is the result of motor programming.
   • involves both inhalation and exhalation.
   • can be accomplished only through the nose.

   答案：can be accomplished only through the nose.

   原文定位：This variant tests the adequacy of the nasal airway to sustain a yawn. Unlike normal breathing;yawning is impossible via nasal inhalation alone

   同义替换：「only through the nose」↔「via nasal inhalation alone」，「whether yawning」↔「the adequacy of the nasal airway to sustain a yawn」

10. 36 In people paralyzed on one side because of brain damage
    • yawning may involve only one side of the face.
    • the yawning response indicates that recovery is likely.
    • movement in a paralyzed arm is stimulated by yawning.
    • yawning can be used as an example to prevent muscle wasting.

    答案：movement in a paralyzed arm is stimulated by yawning.

    原文定位：when these people yawn, they are startled and mystified to observe that their otherwise paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically in what neurologists term an 'associated response

    同义替换：「movement in a paralyzed arm is stimulated」↔「paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically」

11. 37 In the last paragraph, the writer concludes that
    • yawning is a sign of boredom.
    • we yawn in spite of the development of our species.
    • yawning is a more passive activity than we imagine.
    • we are stimulated to yawn when our brain activity is low.

    答案：we yawn in spite of the development of our species.

    原文定位：Yawning is also a reminder that ancient and unconscious behavior linking us to the animal world lurks beneath the veneer of culture, rationality and language

12. 38 Research students were initially reluctant to appreciate the value of Provine's studies.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：YES

    原文定位：When Robert R Provine began studying yawning in the 1960s, it was difficult for him to convince research students of the merits of 'yawning science

    同义替换：「initially」↔「began studying yawning in the 1960s」，「reluctant to appreciate」↔「difficult for him to convince」，「value」↔「merits」

13. 39 When foetuses yawn and stretch, they are learning how to control movement.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：NOT GIVEN

    原文定位：Studies by JIP de Vries in the early 1980s, charting movement in the developing fetus using ultrasound, observed a link between yawning and stretching

14. 40 According to Provine, referring to only one function is probably inadequate to explain why people yawn.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：YES

    原文定位：Provine speculated that, in general, yawning may have many functions, and selecting a single function from the available options may be an unrealistic goal

    同义替换：「referring to only one」↔「selecting a single」，「probably inadequate」↔「unrealistic goal」，「explain why people yawn」↔「yawning may have many functions」