雅思阅读真题（Part 2）
Part 2 · 考频：中频 · 最近考试：2015.7.23/2010.5.29
A
Most modern navigation, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), relies primarily on positions determined electronically by receivers collecting information from satellites. Yet if the satellite service’s digital maps become even slightly outdated, we can become lost. Then we have to rely on the ancient human skill of navigating in three dimensional space. Luckily, our biological finder has an important advantage over GPS: we can ask questions of people on the sidewalk, or follow a street that looks familiar, or rely on a navigational rubric. The human positioning system is flexible and capable of learning. Anyone who knows the way from point A to point B-and from A to C-can probably figure out how to get from B to C, too.
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答案：path integration method
原文定位：Your brain is adding together the individual legs of your trek into a cumulative progress report
同义替换：「Split the route up into several smaller parts」↔「individual legs of your trek」
答案：route following method
原文定位：Route following is more precise than guidance or path integration, but if you forget the details and take a wrong turn, the only way to recover is to backtrack until you reach a familiar spot, because you do not know the general direction or have a reference landmark for your goal
同义替换：「When mistakes are made」↔「take a wrong turn」，「method」↔「strategy」
答案：guidance method
原文定位：Neurologists call this navigational approach “guidance”, meaning that a landmark visible from a distance serves as the marker for one’s destination
同义替换：「Find a building that can be seen from far away」↔「a landmark visible from a distance」，「method」↔「approach」
答案：route following method
原文定位：This strategy, called route following, uses landmarks such as buildings and street names;We have to keep all the landmarks and intermediate directions in our head. It is the most detailed and therefore most reliable method
答案：path integration method
原文定位：Your brain is adding together the individual legs of your trek into a cumulative progress report
答案：continues to move according to the original orientation
原文定位：Even when a scientist picks up an ant and puts it in a totally different spot, the insect stubbornly proceeds in the originally determined direction until it has gone “back” all of the distance it wandered from its nest
同义替换：「taken to a different location」↔「puts it in a totally different spot」，「continues to move according to the original orientation」↔「proceeds in the originally determined direction」
答案：dependent on memory and reasoning
原文定位：The route following navigation strategy truly challenges the brain. We have to keep all the landmarks and intermediate directions in our head
答案：It is managed by a portion of our memory.
原文定位：Neurobiologists and cognitive psychologists do call the portion of our memory that controls navigation a “cognitive map
同义替换：「managed by a portion of our memory」↔「the portion of our memory that controls navigation」
答案：TRUE
原文定位：Luckily, our biological finder has an important advantage over GPS;the human positioning system is flexible and capable of learning
同义替换：「Biological navigation」↔「human positioning system」
答案：NOT GIVEN
原文定位：Many animals rely primarily on path integration to get around, including insects, spiders, crabs and rodents
答案：TRUE
原文定位：Whether it is trying to get back to the anthill or the train station, any animal using path integration must keep track of its own movements so it knows, while returning, which segments it has already completed. As you move, your brain gathers data from your environment-sights, sounds, smells, lighting, muscle contractions, a sense of time passing-to determine which way your body has gone
同义替换：「follows a route」↔「using path integration」，「collects comprehensive perceptual information in the mind」↔「gathers data from your environment-sights, sounds, smells, muscle contractions, a sense of time passing」，「along the way」↔「during your journey」
答案：FALSE
原文定位：With path integration, our cognitive memory is less burdened; it has to deal with only a few general instructions and the homing vector
同义替换：「higher memory requirement」↔「memory is less burdened」
答案：FALSE
原文定位：Yet the notion of a literal map in our heads may be misleading; a growing body of research implies that the cognitive map is mostly a metaphor
同义替换：「exact map in their mind」↔「a literal map in our heads」