# Lean production innovation-in manufacturing systems - 科目：雅思阅读真题（Part 2） - 考频：中频 - 最近考试：2024.10.12/2014.3.8/2010.6.17/2008.6.28 - 题目数：13 - 来源页：https://www.yaquan.site/paper/759ee68c-4d90-47e2-8a34-ec48cdfaead1（在线机考练习与音频请访问该页面） - 数据更新：2026-10-29 ## 题目原文 A After the First World War, car makers Henry Ford and Arthur Sloan of General Motors moved world manufacturing from centuries of craft production into the age of mass production. Largely as a result of this, the United States soon dominated the world economy, built the Second World War, and approximately a hundred years after Japan opened up to the modern world, Eli Toyoda and Taishu Group expanded the concept of lean production at the Toyota car company. And now, although superimposing the method on existing mass production systems causes pain and upheaval, manufacturers around the world are trying to embrace this innovative system. B Perhaps the best way to describe lean production is to compare it with the two other major manufacturing systems: craft production and mass production. The craft producer uses highly skilled workers and simple but flexible tools to make exactly what the customer asks for – one item at a time. A present day example of this method is the customised production of the exotic green cars. The concept of craft production remains very popular, but the problem with it is obvious. Goods producing the craft makes – as can see exclusively – more cost too much for most of us to afford. So at the beginning of the twentieth century, mass production was developed as an alternative method. The mass producer uses narrowly skilled professionals to design products which are then made by unskilled or semi-skilled workers, using expensive, single-purpose machines. These items cut standardised products in very high volumes. Because the machinery costs so much, and is so intolerant of disruption, the mass producer keeps standard designs in production for as long as possible. The result is that the customer gets lower costs, but at the expense of variety, and by means of work methods which craft employees find boring and dispiriting. By contrast, the lean production system combines the advantages of craft and mass production, while avoiding the help of most of the former and the rigidity of the latter. Towards this end, companies appoint teams of multi-slides workers to all levels of the organisation, and use highly flexible and increasingly automated machines to produce goods in enormous volume and variety. C Lean production is so called because, compared with mass production, it uses less of everything – half the human effort in the factory, half the manufacturing space, half the investment in tools, half the engineering hours to develop a new product in half the time. Also, it requires keeping far less than half the needed inventory on site, results in many fewer defects, and produces a greater and ever growing variety of products. Perhaps the most striking difference between mass and lean production lies in their ultimate objectives. Mass producers set a limited goal for themselves – 'good enough' – which translates into an acceptable number of defects, a maximum level of inventories, a narrow range of standardised products. Lean producers, on the other hand, set their sights explicitly on perfection: continually declining costs, zero defects, zero inventories, and endless product variety. D In a real sense, lean production is a 'branch' of the larger Toyota system. The Toyota system works on two main principles. The first is 'just in time', meaning that parts are delivered to the assembly line just as they are needed. This saves warehouse space and prevents overproduction. The second principle is the one that gives responsibility for quality to every employee, not just the quality controllers. If a worker on the assembly line discovers a problem, they are authorised to stop the whole line until it is fixed. This is done by means of a cord suspended above the line, known as an 'andon cord'. This system ensures that defects are identified and corrected immediately, preventing the production of large numbers of faulty items. E The lean system also relies heavily on automation, but with a human touch. This is known as 'autonomation' – automated processes that can be stopped by human intervention. This allows machines to perform repetitive, strenuous tasks, freeing up human workers to focus on more complex problem-solving and quality control. If a machine detects an abnormality or a worker spots a defect, the line can be halted instantly. This focus on continuous improvement, or 'kaizen', means that every employee is constantly looking for ways to make the production process more efficient and error-free. F Implementing lean production is not without its challenges. It requires a complete cultural shift within an organisation. Workers must be multi-skilled and proactive, and management must be willing to delegate authority and trust the judgment of their teams on the production floor. The transition from a traditional mass production system can be difficult and disruptive, as it fundamentally changes long-established work practices and hierarchies. However, the potential benefits in terms of efficiency, cost reduction, and product quality are so significant that manufacturers worldwide feel compelled to make the change. G Ultimately, lean production represents a paradigm shift in manufacturing philosophy. It is not merely a set of techniques but a holistic approach that encompasses the entire production process, from supplier relationships to customer delivery. By eliminating waste in all its forms—overproduction, waiting, transport, excess inventory, unnecessary motion, defects, and underutilised talent—lean production creates a manufacturing system that is more responsive, efficient, and capable of meeting the diverse demands of the modern global market. ## 题目与答案 ### 14. 14 Paragraph A 14 Paragraph A - global resistance to lean manufacturing - the historical context - procedures for controlling quality - the pros and cons of different production systems - working conditions - procedures for controlling supply **答案**：the historical context 原文定位：After the First World War, car makers Henry Ford;approximately a hundred years after Japan opened up to the modern world, Eli Toyoda and Taishu Group expanded the concept of lean production at the Toyota car company ### 15. 15 Paragraph B 15 Paragraph B - global resistance to lean manufacturing - the historical context - procedures for controlling quality - the pros and cons of different production systems - working conditions - procedures for controlling supply **答案**：the pros and cons of different production systems 原文定位：Perhaps the best way to describe lean production is to compare it with the two other major manufacturing systems: craft production and mass production 同义替换：「different production systems」↔「craft production and mass production」 ### 16. 16 Paragraph C 16 Paragraph C - global resistance to lean manufacturing - the historical context - procedures for controlling quality - the pros and cons of different production systems - working conditions - procedures for controlling supply **答案**：the fundamental objectives of two systems 原文定位：Perhaps the most striking difference between mass and lean production lies in their ultimate objectives 同义替换：「two systems」↔「mass and lean production lies」；「fundamental」↔「ultimate」 ### 17. 17 Paragraph D 17 Paragraph D - global resistance to lean manufacturing - the historical context - procedures for controlling quality - the pros and cons of different production systems - working conditions - procedures for controlling supply **答案**：procedures for controlling supply 原文定位：If a worker on the assembly line discovers a problem, they are authorised to stop the whole line until it is fixed;This system ensures that defects are identified and corrected immediately 同义替换：「controlling quality」↔「prevent faulty items」 ### 18. 18 Paragraph E 18 Paragraph E - global resistance to lean manufacturing - the historical context - procedures for controlling quality - the pros and cons of different production systems - working conditions - procedures for controlling supply **答案**：the origin of the term 原文定位：This is known as 'autonomation' – automated processes that can be stopped by human intervention ### 19. 19 Paragraph F 19 Paragraph F - global resistance to lean manufacturing - the historical context - procedures for controlling quality - the pros and cons of different production systems - working conditions - procedures for controlling supply **答案**：global resistance to lean manufacturing 原文定位：Implementing lean production is not without its challenges. It requires a complete cultural shift within an organisation;The transition from a traditional mass production system can be difficult and disruptive 同义替换：「resistance」↔「difficult」 ### 20. 20 Paragraph G 20 Paragraph G - global resistance to lean manufacturing - the historical context - procedures for controlling quality - the pros and cons of different production systems - working conditions - procedures for controlling supply **答案**：interdependent strategies for controlling expenditure 原文定位：By eliminating waste in all its forms—overproduction, waiting, transport, excess inventory, unnecessary motion, defects, and underutilised talent—lean production creates a manufacturing system that is more responsive, efficient 同义替换：「controlling expenditure」↔「cut waste」 ### 21. A small number of unusual cars are still produced by the 21_____ method. A small number of unusual cars are still produced by the 21_____ method. **答案**：craft production 原文定位：A present day example of this method is the customised production of the exotic green cars 同义替换：「unusual cars」↔「exotic green cars」；「method」↔「customised production」 ### 22. Lean production requires staff who are 22_____ . Lean production requires staff who are 22_____ . **答案**：multi-skilled 原文定位：Workers must be multi-skilled and proactive 同义替换：「staff」↔「workers」 ### 23. Lean production employs fewer people, and uses less 23_____ , equipment and time. Lean production employs fewer people, and uses less 23_____ , equipment and time. **答案**：manufacturing space 原文定位：half the human effort in the factory, half the manufacturing space, half the investment in tools, half the engineering hours 同义替换：「fewer people」↔「half the human effort」；「equipment」↔「tools」；「time」↔「engineering hours」 ### 24. Storage facilities are not needed if a procedure known as 24_____ is implemented in the lean production method. Storage facilities are not needed if a procedure known as 24_____ is implemented in the lean production method. **答案**：just in time 原文定位：The first is 'just in time', meaning that parts are delivered to the assembly line just as they are needed ### 25. Automation is a procedure for spotting any 25_____ in the products on a production line. Automation is a procedure for spotting any 25_____ in the products on a production line. **答案**：abnormality 原文定位：If a machine detects an abnormality or a worker spots a defect, the line can be halted instantly 同义替换：「spotting」↔「detects」 ### 26. At Toyota factories, 26_____ are suspended above manual production lines in order to show where production has to be halted. At Toyota factories, 26_____ are suspended above manual production lines in order to show where production has to be halted. **答案**：andon cord 原文定位：This is done by means of a cord suspended above the line, known as an 'andon cord 同义替换：「hang」↔「suspended」 --- 以上内容由鸭圈雅思真题库（www.yaquan.site）提供，收录近期雅思考试真题回忆，支持在线机考模式免费练习。