What is an unfair advantage in sport?

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题目与答案

1. 14 Paragraph A
   • early research into athletes’ physiology
   • a convenient method of acclimatization
   • the need for a rational approach
   • changes in the body
   • the athletes who break the rules
   • well-founded concerns

   答案：the surprising outcome of a race

   原文定位：What happened to the Australian athlete Ron Clarke in the 10,000 metres at the Mexico City Olympics of 1968 is now virtually forgotten, though at the time it was headline news. Clarke was the greatest distance runner;But in front of 55,000 horrified spectators, the event went disastrously wrong;He stumbled across the line in sixth place and collapsed

2. 15 Paragraph B
   • early research into athletes’ physiology
   • a convenient method of acclimatization
   • the need for a rational approach
   • changes in the body
   • the athletes who break the rules
   • well-founded concerns

   答案：well-founded concerns

   原文定位：Mexico City is surrounded by mountains and is over 2,240 metres above sea level. That the altitude would have an impact on the Games was predicted. Clarke had raised the issue himself but had been told by the Australian sports authorities that complaining was regarded as bad sportsmanship. As it turned out, he had good reason to do so

3. 16 Paragraph C
   • early research into athletes’ physiology
   • a convenient method of acclimatization
   • the need for a rational approach
   • changes in the body
   • the athletes who break the rules
   • well-founded concerns

   答案：the runners who dominate

   原文定位：the Mexico Games marked a turning point: the start of an astonishing record of success by East Africans;The names of the seven fastest men in history over 5,000 metres;They are all from either Kenya or Ethiopia;Each time, the record was broken by a Kenyan or an Ethiopian

4. 17 Paragraph D
   • early research into athletes’ physiology
   • a convenient method of acclimatization
   • the need for a rational approach
   • changes in the body
   • the athletes who break the rules
   • well-founded concerns

   答案：changes in the body

   原文定位：At high altitudes, a number of physiological alterations occur, most importantly, more red blood cells and haemoglobin are produced. This, in turn, increases the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen, which feeds the muscles and gives an advantage to the athletes when they return to sea level

5. 18 Paragraph E
   • early research into athletes’ physiology
   • a convenient method of acclimatization
   • the need for a rational approach
   • changes in the body
   • the athletes who break the rules
   • well-founded concerns

   答案：a convenient method of acclimatization

   原文定位：If they could artificially control the atmosphere within a confined space, they could simulate the effects of high altitude and save an athlete at sea level from the time and expense of traveling to higher ground. Altitude tents have improved over the years;It is now routine for athletes to sleep in them in preparation for an event

   同义替换：「acclimatization」↔「simulate the effects of high altitude」

6. 19 Paragraph F
   • early research into athletes’ physiology
   • a convenient method of acclimatization
   • the need for a rational approach
   • changes in the body
   • the athletes who break the rules
   • well-founded concerns

   答案：the reversal of a decision

   原文定位：The LZR was initially sanctioned by FINA, the international swimming body. But as better suits were produced by Speedo and other manufacturers, and more records were broken, they became increasingly controversial. In a 2009 ruling, FINA changed its mind, banning all suits made with this high-tech fabric

7. 20 Paragraph G
   • early research into athletes’ physiology
   • a convenient method of acclimatization
   • the need for a rational approach
   • changes in the body
   • the athletes who break the rules
   • well-founded concerns

   答案：the need for a rational approach

   原文定位：But whatever the outcome, rulings should not appear arbitrary. Arguments have to be examined and weighed, and the rule logic ought to apply in every case

   同义替换：「rational approach」↔「not appear arbitrary」

8. Which TWO of the following statements about Ron Clarke are made in the passage?
   • Clarke was not performing well immediately prior to the Mexico Games.
   • The worries Clarke had before the Mexico Games were not taken into account.
   • Clarke's experiences at the Mexico Games are widely talked about today.
   • At one stage of the Mexico Games 10,000 metres, Clarke was near the front.
   • Clarke was the only runner at the Mexico Games who appeared to be affected by the altitude.

   答案：The worries Clarke had before the Mexico Games were not taken into account.,At one stage of the Mexico Games 10,000 metres, Clarke was near the front.

   原文定位：With two laps to go, Clarke was in the leading pack;Clarke had raised the issue himself but had been told by the Australian sports authorities that complaining was regarded as bad sportsmanship

9. Do all new technologies gain approval?

   Some people may be puzzled by attitudes towards performance-enhancing technologies in sport. For example, why is the altitude tent considered acceptable, but not the LZR Racer suit? For distance running, WADA concluded that the altitude tent was not contrary to the 23_____ of the sport.

   答案：spirit

   原文定位：Five years ago, when the tents were investigated by WADA (the World Anti-Doping Agency), it was ruled they did not violate the spirit of distance running

   同义替换：「was not contrary to」↔「did not violate」，「sport」↔「distance running」

10. However, the LZR swimsuit, which is made from a special fabric that aids buoyancy and cuts down 24_____ was banned.

    答案：drag

    原文定位：These suits use a high-tech fabric tested in NASA's wind tunnels, which reduces drag and improves buoyancy

    同义替换：「cuts down」↔「reduces」，「aids」↔「improves」

11. Athletes think they have to continually set fresh 25_____ .

    答案：records

    原文定位：Athletes believe they need records all the time. And the only way they can achieve records is by improving the clothing, the kit, the training, the nutrition

    同义替换：「continually set fresh」↔「need all the time」

12. This is made possible by better 26_____ and training, as well as improved clothing and equipment. However, when sports authorities have to decide whether to give permission for a new performance-enhancing technology to be used, it is important that their decisions are not seen as arbitrary.

    答案：nutrition

    原文定位：And the only way they can achieve records is by improving the clothing, the kit, the training, the nutrition—all to identify minute distinctions between people of 0.0001 of a second

    同义替换：「better」↔「improving」，「clothing and equipment」↔「kit」