The long road to artificial intelligence

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题目与答案

1. 27 When playing chess against the computer Deep Blue, Kasparov felt
   • had been predict his moves. med to
   • was able to see into his own thought processes
   • used powers that were potentially dangerous to humans
   • was fundamentally different from others he had encountered

   答案：was fundamentally different from others he had encountered

   原文定位：Kasparov had beaten previous computer chess programs, which to him seemed predictable and mechanical, but he he allegedly said he sensed an “alien intelligence” on the other side of the board when he played against Deep Blue

   同义替换：「felt」↔「sensed」，「fundamentally different」↔「alien intelligence」，「others he had encountered」↔「previous computer chess programs 」

2. 28 What is the writer's main idea in the third paragraph?
   • In the last 50 years machines have advanced more quickly than expected.
   • There are certain features of chess that machines cannot replicate.
   • Skill at chess is more significant than other machine achievement.
   • Machines will always be more successful at some tasks than at others.

   答案：Skill at chess is more significant than other machine achievement.

   原文定位：The field had accomplished something that half a century beforehand might have been considered its crowning achievement. Humanity had been outstripped by a machine;But intellectual prowess is what sets human beings apart from the rest of the animals, and chess is a supremely intellectual pursuit

   同义替换：「crowning achievement」↔「more significant」，「supremely intellectual pursuit」↔「skill at」

3. 29 The writer describes the case of an office worker to illustrate the point that
   • everyday human actions involve a complex combination of skills.
   • some types of mechanical activities require little conscious thought.
   • some people are able to carry out multiple tasks at the same time.
   • certain human tasks are more intellectually demanding than others.

   答案：everyday human actions involve a complex combination of skills.

   原文定位：Her day has no doubt been a busy patchwork of activities;Each of these activities requires the exercise of multiple sensorimotor skills;Consider the task of making a packed lunch. This involves retrieving utensils and ingredients from various places, opening packets, chopping, cutting, spreading, and so on

   同义替换：「complex combination of skills」↔「multiple sensorimotor skills」

4. 30 In the fifth paragraph, the writer claims that
   • ideas of what success means vary across cultures
   • machines are most effective at game-like activities
   • machines are better at specialization than at adaptation
   • it may be impossible to isolate different skills involved in an activity

   答案：machines are better at specialization than at adaptation

   原文定位：The achievements of Al research in a variety of specialist domains (chess being just one among many success stories) contrast starkly with the field's a machine with general purpose, adaptive intelligence. So our basic question is, how could we produce artificial general intelligence

   同义替换：「better at specialisation」↔「achievements in a variety of specialist domains」，「than at adaptation」↔「adaptive intelligence」

5. Embodiment: an Essential Feature

   Unlike machines, animals (including humans) have a body, including a brain which has evolved to provide 31_____ for that body and allow its genes to be passed on.

   答案：protection

   原文定位：The brain of an animal has evolved to prevent any harm from coming to that body and to perpetuate the genes that it

   同义替换：「prevent harm」↔「protection」，「allow its genes to be passed on」↔「perpetuate the genes」

6. An animal`s senses provide it with information about its 32_____

   答案：environment

   原文定位：The body has muscles, enabling it to move, and senses, so that its actions can be made to react to the state of the environment

   同义替换：「provide it with information about」↔「react to the state of」

7. and then through 33_____ it can react physically to what it senses.

   答案：muscles

   原文定位：The body has muscles, enabling it to move, and senses, so that its actions can be made to react to the state of the environment

   同义替换：「react physically」↔「move」

8. The interaction of the body and brain therefore allows the creation of a link between 34_____ and action.

   答案：perception

   原文定位：The brain shapes the animal`s actions according to what it perceives

9. The 35_____ which make us human

   答案：capacities

   原文定位：Human intelligence, for all its glorious an extension of animal intelligence, and the human capacities for language, reason, and creativity all rest on a sensorimotor foundation

   同义替换：「make us human」↔「human capacities」

10. and which distinguish us from animals have their 36_____ in this link between the brain and the body.

    答案：foundation

    原文定位：Human intelligence, for all its glorious an extension of animal intelligence, and the human capacities for language, reason, and creativity all rest on a sensorimotor foundation

    同义替换：「this link」↔「sensorimotor foundation」

11. 37 Any sort of artificial general intelligence must have the capacity for metabolism and reproduction.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：NO

    原文定位：So while the endeavor to create artificial general intelligence might succeed without much that is essential to biological life, such as metabolism and reproduction, perhaps embodiment is a methodological necessity

    同义替换：「must have」↔「without」

12. 38 Intelligence may depend on the ability to interact with a complex and unpredictable environmental.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：YES

    原文定位：Perhaps the need to engage with a messy, dynamic, physical environment full of complex and varied objects, both animate and inanimate is at the root of intelligence

    同义替换：「may depend on」↔「is at the root of」，「interact with」↔「engage with」，「complex and unpredictable environment」↔「messy, dynamic, physical environment」

13. 39 It is dangerous to rely too much on multi-specialist robots which could develop unfixable faults.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：NOT GIVEN

    原文定位：The products of such an approach might briefly give the appearance of general intelligence. But nobody would be fooled for very long. The multi-specialist robot is going to get stuck as soon as it has to face a problem that is outside its areas of expertise

14. 40 Training by experts is essential for acquiring certain types of skills.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：NO

    原文定位：The hallmark of general intelligence therefore the ability to adept an existing set of behavior SP intelligence in a robot is new challenges, and to do so without recourse to trial and error or to training by a third party

    同义替换：「experts」↔「a third party」，「essential」↔「without」