雅思阅读真题《Early approaches to organisational design》的答案是什么？

第14-15题：a marked ranking order for employees,a n；第16-17题：Certain practices become negative if the；第18-19题：to ensure workers are treated as individ；第20-21题：The effects of the workplace surrounding；第22题：Douglas McGregor；第23题：Rensis Likert；第24题：Max Weber；第25题：Chris Argyris；第26题：Max Weber

雅思阅读真题《Early approaches to organisational design》是什么时候考过的雅思真题？

该篇真题最近出现于 2024.9.7 的雅思考试中，考频为中频。

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14-15 According to the writer which TWO of the following are characteristics of the classical approach to organize design?

答案：a marked ranking order for employees,a neutral working environment 原文定位：They believed that the most efficient organisations had a legalised formal and hierarchical structure called a ‘bureaucracy;According to Weber;such organisations were characterised by the specialisati 同义替换：「marked ranking order」↔「hierarchical」；「neutral working environment」↔「impersonal」

a marked ranking order for employees

giving importance to everyone's work

the advancement of older workers

16-17 According to the writer, which TWO of the following are criticisms of the classical approach to organizational design?

答案：Certain practices become negative if they are implemented too strictly.,Positive outcomes which were expected in the past would be unlikely today. 原文定位：some of the major advantages of the bureaucratic structure could become disadvantages if the theory were applied dogmatically;critics argue that the world no longer fits the assumptions in Weber's mod 同义替换：「negative」↔「disadvantages」；「implemented too strictly」↔「applied dogmatically」；「positive outcomes expected」↔「predicted benefits」；「would be unlikely today」↔「might not yield beneficial results」

Too many guidelines are proposed.

Certain practices become negative if they are implemented too strictly.

Managers and workers are unable to co-operate with each other.

The administrative standards are unsuited to some work environments.

Positive outcomes which were expected in the past would be unlikely today.

18-19 According to the writer, which TWO of the following are aims of the neoclassical approach to organizational design?

答案：to ensure workers are treated as individual people,to allow workers a greater say in what happens at the workplace 原文定位：They argued that an industrial organisation has two objectives: economic effectiveness and employee satisfaction. They also wrote that the bureaucratic structure could be improved by permitting more s 同义替换：「treated as individual people」↔「acknowledged human needs and feelings」；「greater say」↔「more subordinate participation」；「in what happens」↔「in decision making」

to ensure workers are treated as individual people

to create a formal atmosphere in the workplace

to change the methods of production

to allow workers a greater say in what happens at the workplace

to standardise the procedures for promotion of workers

20-21 According to the writer, which TWO of the following are criticisms of the neoclassical approach to organizational design?

答案：The effects of the workplace surroundings are ignored.,It assumes that all people work for enjoyment rather than financial gain. 原文定位：They overlook environmental, technological, and other variables that might affect an organisation's design, and overemphasise psychological and behavioural variables;Not everyone is motivated by the n 同义替换：「workplace surroundings are ignored」↔「overlook environmental」；「enjoyment」↔「satisfying」；「financial gain」↔「monetary aspects」；「assumes all people」↔「not everyone」

It suggests that workers are involved in too many decisions.

The effects of some psychological factors are given low importance.

The effects of the workplace surroundings are ignored.

It exaggerates the success of the organisations that use this approach.

It assumes that all people work for enjoyment rather than financial gain.

The classical approach relied upon managers having incorrect views about workers.

答案：Douglas McGregor 原文定位：McGregor believed that the vertical division of labour that characterised bureaucratic organisations was derived from negative and false assumptions about workers which he called Theory X' 同义替换：「classical approach」↔「bureaucratic organisations」；「incorrect views」↔「false assumptions」；「relied upon」↔「derived from」

In the best organizational model, there is shared decision-making and interaction between teams at work.

答案：Rensis Likert 原文定位：In System 4 organisations, by contrast, there is extensive participation in decision-making and problem-solving groups. Some individuals in each group also belong to other work groups to ensure commun 同义替换：「best」↔「ideal」；「shared」↔「extensive」；「interaction」↔「communication」

In an efficient organisation, workers develop expertise in particular areas.

答案：Max Weber 原文定位：According to Weber, such organisations were characterised by the specialisation of tasks, appointment by merit, and an impersonal climate 同义替换：「expertise in particular areas」↔「specialisation of tasks」；「workers develop」↔「characterised by」

An organization must take into account the emotional demands of people.

答案：Chris Argyris 原文定位：Argyris argued for an alternative organisational design that acknowledged human needs and feelings, and increased workers' satisfaction 同义替换：「take into account」↔「acknowledged」；「emotional demands of people」↔「human needs and feelings」

The classical approach allowed workers' skills to be assessed in a straightforward way.

答案：Max Weber 原文定位：Weber also believed that clearly specified authority and responsibility made performance easier to evaluate and reward 同义替换：「in a straightforward way」↔「easier to」；「to be assessed」↔「to evaluate」；「skills」↔「performance」；「classical approach」↔「Weber’s bureaucratic model」

雅思阅读真题：Early approaches to organisational design（Part 2 · 中频

Early approaches to organisational design

Part 2 · 考频：中频 · 最近考试：2024.9.7

文章内容（节选）

A review of the classical and neoclassical theories of organisational structures

完整文章请进入机考练习查看。

题目与答案

14-15 According to the writer which TWO of the following are characteristics of the classical approach to organize design?
- a marked ranking order for employees
- giving importance to everyone's work
- the advancement of older workers
- a neutral working environment
- increased benefits for workers
答案：a marked ranking order for employees,a neutral working environment
原文定位：They believed that the most efficient organisations had a legalised formal and hierarchical structure called a ‘bureaucracy;According to Weber;such organisations were characterised by the specialisation of tasks;appointment by merit;and an impersonal climate
同义替换：「marked ranking order」↔「hierarchical」，「neutral working environment」↔「impersonal」
16-17 According to the writer, which TWO of the following are criticisms of the classical approach to organizational design?
- Too many guidelines are proposed.
- Certain practices become negative if they are implemented too strictly.
- Managers and workers are unable to co-operate with each other.
- The administrative standards are unsuited to some work environments.
- Positive outcomes which were expected in the past would be unlikely today.
答案：Certain practices become negative if they are implemented too strictly.,Positive outcomes which were expected in the past would be unlikely today.
原文定位：some of the major advantages of the bureaucratic structure could become disadvantages if the theory were applied dogmatically;critics argue that the world no longer fits the assumptions in Weber's model (if it ever did), and so a bureaucracy might not yield beneficial results
同义替换：「negative」↔「disadvantages」，「implemented too strictly」↔「applied dogmatically」，「positive outcomes expected」↔「predicted benefits」，「would be unlikely today」↔「might not yield beneficial results」
18-19 According to the writer, which TWO of the following are aims of the neoclassical approach to organizational design?
- to ensure workers are treated as individual people
- to create a formal atmosphere in the workplace
- to change the methods of production
- to allow workers a greater say in what happens at the workplace
- to standardise the procedures for promotion of workers
答案：to ensure workers are treated as individual people,to allow workers a greater say in what happens at the workplace
原文定位：They argued that an industrial organisation has two objectives: economic effectiveness and employee satisfaction. They also wrote that the bureaucratic structure could be improved by permitting more subordinate participation in decision making;Argyris argued for an alternative organisational design that acknowledged human needs and feelings, and increased workers' satisfaction
同义替换：「treated as individual people」↔「acknowledged human needs and feelings」，「greater say」↔「more subordinate participation」，「in what happens」↔「in decision making」
20-21 According to the writer, which TWO of the following are criticisms of the neoclassical approach to organizational design?
- It suggests that workers are involved in too many decisions.
- The effects of some psychological factors are given low importance.
- The effects of the workplace surroundings are ignored.
- It exaggerates the success of the organisations that use this approach.
- It assumes that all people work for enjoyment rather than financial gain.
答案：The effects of the workplace surroundings are ignored.,It assumes that all people work for enjoyment rather than financial gain.
原文定位：They overlook environmental, technological, and other variables that might affect an organisation's design, and overemphasise psychological and behavioural variables;Not everyone is motivated by the non-monetary aspects of work, nor is all work satisfying
同义替换：「workplace surroundings are ignored」↔「overlook environmental」，「enjoyment」↔「satisfying」，「financial gain」↔「monetary aspects」，「assumes all people」↔「not everyone」
The classical approach relied upon managers having incorrect views about workers.
- Max Weber
- Douglas McGregor
- Chris Argyris
- Rensis Likert
答案：Douglas McGregor
原文定位：McGregor believed that the vertical division of labour that characterised bureaucratic organisations was derived from negative and false assumptions about workers which he called Theory X'
同义替换：「classical approach」↔「bureaucratic organisations」，「incorrect views」↔「false assumptions」，「relied upon」↔「derived from」
In the best organizational model, there is shared decision-making and interaction between teams at work.
- Max Weber
- Douglas McGregor
- Chris Argyris
- Rensis Likert
答案：Rensis Likert
原文定位：In System 4 organisations, by contrast, there is extensive participation in decision-making and problem-solving groups. Some individuals in each group also belong to other work groups to ensure communication between them. System 4 represents Likert's view of an ideal organisation
同义替换：「best」↔「ideal」，「shared」↔「extensive」，「interaction」↔「communication」
In an efficient organisation, workers develop expertise in particular areas.
- Max Weber
- Douglas McGregor
- Chris Argyris
- Rensis Likert
答案：Max Weber
原文定位：According to Weber, such organisations were characterised by the specialisation of tasks, appointment by merit, and an impersonal climate
同义替换：「expertise in particular areas」↔「specialisation of tasks」，「workers develop」↔「characterised by」
An organization must take into account the emotional demands of people.
- Max Weber
- Douglas McGregor
- Chris Argyris
- Rensis Likert
答案：Chris Argyris
原文定位：Argyris argued for an alternative organisational design that acknowledged human needs and feelings, and increased workers' satisfaction
同义替换：「take into account」↔「acknowledged」，「emotional demands of people」↔「human needs and feelings」
The classical approach allowed workers' skills to be assessed in a straightforward way.
- Max Weber
- Douglas McGregor
- Chris Argyris
- Rensis Likert
答案：Max Weber
原文定位：Weber also believed that clearly specified authority and responsibility made performance easier to evaluate and reward
同义替换：「in a straightforward way」↔「easier to」，「to be assessed」↔「to evaluate」，「skills」↔「performance」，「classical approach」↔「Weber’s bureaucratic model」

Early approaches to organisational design

文章内容（节选）

题目与答案

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