# An important language development - 科目：雅思阅读真题（Part 1） - 考频：超高频 - 最近考试：2024.12.14 - 题目数：13 - 来源页：https://www.yaquan.site/paper/901f6dd0-a5e9-4eb7-8038-9c3df107d174（在线机考练习与音频请访问该页面） - 数据更新：2026-10-29 ## 题目原文 A Cuneiform, the world’s first known system of handwriting, originated some 6.000 years ago in Summer in what is now southern Iraq. It was most often inscribed on palmsized, rectangular clay tablets measuring several centimetres across, although occasionally, larger tablets or cylinders were used. Clay was an excellent medium for writing. Other surfaces which have been employed - for example, parchment, papyrus and paper - are not long - lasting and are easily destroyed by fire and water. But clay has proved to be resistant to those particular kinds of damage. B The word ‘cuneiform’ actually refers to the marks or signs inscribed in the clay. The original cuneiform signs consisted of a series of lines - triangular, vertical, diagonal and horizontal. Sumerian writers would impress these lines into the wet clay with a stylus - a long, thin, pointed instrument which looked somewhat like a pen. Oddly, the signs were often almost too small to see with the naked eye. Cuneiform signs were used for the writing of at least a dozen languages. This is similar to how the Latin alphabet is used today for writing English, French, Spanish and German for example. C Before the development of cuneiform, tokens were used by the Sumerians to record certain information. For example, they might take small stones and use them as tokens or representations of something else, like a goat. A number of tokens, then, might mean a herd of goat. These tokens might then be placed in a cloth container and provided to a buyer as a receipt for a transaction, perhaps five tokens for five animals. It was not that different from what we do today when we buy some bread and the clerk gives us back a piece of paper with numbers on it to confirm the exchange. D By the 4th century BCE, the Sumerians had adapted this system to a form of writing. They began putting tokens in a container resembling an envelope, and now made of clay instead of cloth. They then stamped the outside to indicate the number and type of tokens inside. A person could then ‘read’ what was stamped on the container and know what was inside. E Gradually, Sumerians developed symbols for words. When first developed, each symbol looked like the concrete thing it represented. For example, an image which resembled the drawing of a sheep meant just that. Then another level of abstraction was introduced when symbols were developed for intangible ideas such as ‘female’ of ‘hot’ or ‘God’. Cuneiform, in other words, evolved from a way used primarily to track and store information into a way to represent the world symbolically. Over the centuries, the marks became ever more abstract, finally evolving into signs that looked nothing like what they referred to, just as the letters ‘h-o-u-s-e’ have no visual connection to the place we live in. At this last stage in the evolution of cuneiform, the signs took the form of tringles, which became common cuneiform signs. F As the marks became more abstract, the system became more efficient because there were fewer marks a ‘reader’ needed to learn. But cuneiform also became more complex because society itself was becoming more complex, so there were more ideas and concepts that needed to be expressed. However, most linguists and historians agree cuneiform developed primarily as a tool for accounting. Of the cuneiform tablets that have been discovered, excavated and translated, about 75 percent contain this type of practical information, rather than artistic or imaginative work. G Cuneiform writing was used for thousands of years, but it eventually ceased to be used in everyday life. In fact, it died out and remained unintelligible for almost 2.000 years. In the late 19th century, a British army officer, Henry Rawlinson, discovered cuneiform inscriptions which had been carved in the surface of rocks in the Behistun mountains in what is present-day Iran. Rawlinson made impressions of the marks on large pieces of paper, as he balanced dangerously on the surrounding rocks. H Rawlinson took his copies home to Britain and studied them for years to determine what each line stood for, and what each group of symbols meant. He found that in the writing on those particular rocks every word was repeated three times in three languages: Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian. Since the meanings in these languages were already known to linguists, he could thus translate the cuneiform. Eventually, he fully decoded the cuneiform marks and he discovered that they described the life of Darius, a king of the Persian Empire in the 5th century BCE. ## 题目与答案 ### 1. 1 Cuneiform tablets were produced in different shapes and sizes. 1 Cuneiform tablets were produced in different shapes and sizes. - TRUE - FALSE - NOT GIVEN **答案**：TRUE 原文定位：It was most often inscribed on palmsized, rectangular clay tablets measuring several centimetres across, although occasionally, larger tablets or cylinders were used ### 10. Complex, abstract symbols developed · at first, signs looked like what they indicated, e.g. 10_____ . Complex, abstract symbols developed · at first, signs looked like what they indicated, e.g. 10_____ . **答案**：sheep 原文定位：For example, an image which resembled the drawing of a sheep meant just that ### 11. · then signs became more abstract · eventually, cuneiform signs shaped like 11_____ were developed · then signs became more abstract · eventually, cuneiform signs shaped like 11_____ were developed **答案**：triangles 原文定位：At this last stage in the evolution of cuneiform, the signs took the form of tringles, which became common cuneiform signs 同义替换：「eventually」↔「At this last stage」；「shaped like」↔「took the form of」 ### 12. · according to experts, cuneiform was mainly used for 12_____ . · according to experts, cuneiform was mainly used for 12_____ . **答案**：accounting 原文定位：most linguists and historians agree cuneiform developed primarily as a tool for accounting 同义替换：「mainly」↔「primarily」 ### 13. 19th-century translation of cuneiform inscriptions by Henry Rawlinson · Rawlinson found cuneiform inscriptions in the Behistun mountains · Rawlinson copied inscriptions onto 13_____ · Rawlinson realised that each word of the inscriptions appeared in different languages · When translated, Rawlinson found the writings were about a 5th-century BCE king 19th-century translation of cuneiform inscriptions by Henry Rawlinson · Rawlinson found cuneiform inscriptions in the Behistun mountains · Rawlinson copied inscriptions onto 13_____ · Rawlinson realised that each word of the inscriptions appeared in different languages · When translated, Rawlinson found the writings were about a 5th-century BCE king **答案**：paper 原文定位：Rawlinson made impressions of the marks on large pieces of paper 同义替换：「copied inscriptions onto」↔「made impressions of the marks on」 ### 2. 2 When Sumerian writers marked on the clay tablets, the tablets were dry. 2 When Sumerian writers marked on the clay tablets, the tablets were dry. - TRUE - FALSE - NOT GIVEN **答案**：FALSE 原文定位：Sumerian writers would impress these lines into the wet clay with a stylus 同义替换：「dry」↔「wet」 ### 3. 3 Cuneiform was often difficult to read because of its size. 3 Cuneiform was often difficult to read because of its size. - TRUE - FALSE - NOT GIVEN **答案**：TRUE 原文定位：Oddly, the signs were often almost too small to see with the naked eye 同义替换：「difficult to read」↔「too small to see」 ### 4. 4 A number of languages adopted cuneiform. 4 A number of languages adopted cuneiform. - TRUE - FALSE - NOT GIVEN **答案**：TRUE 原文定位：Cuneiform signs were used for the writing of at least a dozen languages 同义替换：「a number of languages」↔「at least a dozen languages」；「adopted」↔「used for writing」 ### 5. 5 Cuneiform signs, can be found in some modern alphabets. 5 Cuneiform signs, can be found in some modern alphabets. - TRUE - FALSE - NOT GIVEN **答案**：NOT GIVEN ### 6. The development and translation of cuneiform Before cuneiform · tokens, for example, 6_____ were often used The development and translation of cuneiform Before cuneiform · tokens, for example, 6_____ were often used **答案**：stones 原文定位：they might take small stones and use them as tokens or representations of something else, like a goat 同义替换：「for example」↔「like」；「tokens」↔「stones」 ### 7. · the first tokens were kept in containers made of 7_____ . · the first tokens were kept in containers made of 7_____ . **答案**：cloth 原文定位：These tokens might then be placed in a cloth container and provided to a buyer as a receipt for a transaction ### 8. · tokens were used as a 8_____ to give when selling something. · tokens were used as a 8_____ to give when selling something. **答案**：receipt 原文定位：placed in a cloth container and provided to a buyer as a receipt for a transaction 同义替换：「give when selling something」↔「for a transaction」 ### 9. By 4th century BCE · tokens were put in a container that looked like a clay 9_____ . By 4th century BCE · tokens were put in a container that looked like a clay 9_____ . **答案**：envelope 原文定位：They began putting tokens in a container resembling an envelope, and now made of clay instead of cloth 同义替换：「looked like」↔「resembling」 --- 以上内容由鸭圈雅思真题库（www.yaquan.site）提供，收录近期雅思考试真题回忆，支持在线机考模式免费练习。