The world's first cities

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题目与答案

1. 1 Some physical evidence of Uruk still exists in Iraq.
   • TRUE
   • FALSE
   • NOT GIVEN

   答案：TRUE

   原文定位：There is not much left now of Uruk, which is about 250 kilometres south of Iraq's capital Baghdad, but enough does remain to show that this initial experiment in urban living was extraordinarily successful

   同义替换：「still exists」↔「enough does remain」

2. - many needed 10_____ to manage the farms

   答案：staff

   原文定位：Over time, the temples acquired these farms for themselves, and appointed a large number of staff to administer them and to deal with the storage of produce

   同义替换：「manage」↔「administer」，「many」↔「a large number of」

3. - acted as 11_____ in hard economic periods

   答案：banks

   原文定位：In addition, the revenues generated allowed the temples to serve as primitive kinds of banks making loans to people in difficult economic times

   同义替换：「acted as」↔「serve as」，「hard economic periods」↔「difficult economic times」

4. ·The development of writing

   - people wrote on surfaces made of 12_____

   答案：clay

   原文定位：In Mesopotamia basic records were inscribed in wet clay, unlike the fragile papyrus used in ancient Egypt and Greece

   同义替换：「wrote」↔「inscribed」

5. - written records remained undamaged after 13_____ archives they were kept in.

   答案：baked

   原文定位：The clay tablets used for writing were tough, and the fires that often burnt down the archives where they were stored usually merely baked them for future generations

6. 2 The people of Uruk lived in large apartment buildings.
   • TRUE
   • FALSE
   • NOT GIVEN

   答案：NOT GIVEN

7. 3 Builders in Uruk frequently experimented with new construction methods.
   • TRUE
   • FALSE
   • NOT GIVEN

   答案：TRUE

   原文定位：They would carefully level what had stood before, and then build another structure on top, often trying out a different building material or an innovative technique

   同义替换：「frequently」↔「often」，「experimented with」↔「trying out」，「new construction methods」↔「innovative technique」

8. 4 Urban settlements were unusual in Mesopotamia 4,500 years ago.
   • TRUE
   • FALSE
   • NOT GIVEN

   答案：FALSE

   原文定位：By about 4,500 years ago, 80 per cent of the Mesopotamian population lived in cities over 40 hectares in size, with populations of between 15,000 and 30,000 people

   同义替换：「Urban settlements」↔「cities」

9. 5 The Tigris and the Euphrates rivers were important for the interchange of ideas.
   • TRUE
   • FALSE
   • NOT GIVEN

   答案：TRUE

   原文定位：The Tigris and the Euphrates rivers provided water for irrigation, and were also the basis of a communication system that led to the spread of the latest concepts in farming

   同义替换：「interchange of ideas」↔「spread of the latest concepts」

10. 6 When there were food shortages, farmers relied mainly on the help of their relatives.
    • TRUE
    • FALSE
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：FALSE

    原文定位：The threat of famine, which could be caused by a prolonged drought or the sudden change in the course of a river, forced people to look outside their families, and work with their neighbours to create an elaborate system of dams, channels and canals to manage water

    同义替换：「food shortages」↔「famine」，「relied mainly on relatives」↔「depend on family」

11. Early changes in Mesopotamia

    ·Changes in organisation of farming

    Improved agricultural methods led to:

    - a food 7_____

    - being used as insurance

    - a wider range of crops being grown

    - the development of industry and consumerism

    - increased specialisation amongst workers

    - greater control by institutions

    答案：surplus

    原文定位：The intensive farming that came about in Mesopotamia was more efficient and productive and therefore generated a surplus of food, allowing crops in years of good harvests to be stored as protection against future less successful years

    同义替换：「Improved agricultural methods」↔「intensive farming」，「led to」↔「generated」，「being used as insurance」↔「stored as protection against poor harvests」

12. ·Temples

    - were built in the shape of large 8_____

    答案：pyramids

    原文定位：Ever more temple structures were erected in the form of massive pyramids which had enormous storerooms for the output from the farming estates

    同义替换：「built in the shape of」↔「erected in the form of」，「large」↔「massive」

13. - had large 9_____ where produce was kept

    答案：storerooms

    原文定位：Ever more temple structures were erected in the form of massive pyramids which had enormous storerooms for the output from the farming estates

    同义替换：「large」↔「enormous」，「produce」↔「output from the farming estates」，「where produce was kept」↔「for storing farm produce」