Jellyfish - the dominant species

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题目与答案

1. a prediction as to the direction in which the jellyfish population may spread
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：E

   原文定位：Furthermore, Richardson and his colleagues speculate that climate change may expand the traditional geographical range of jellyfish. 'As water warms, tropical species are moving towards the poles. Many venomous jellyfish species are tropical and could move into more densely populated subtropical and temperate regions

   同义替换：「prediction」↔「speculate」，「direction in which the jellyfish population may spread」↔「expand the traditional geographical range of」

2. a description of some physical characteristics of jellyfish
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：A

   原文定位：To the untrained eye, these creatures drift aimlessly on the oceans' currents and appear benign. In addition, they lack sharp claws, piercing teeth or even a brain. Despite this, they are armed with an amazing arsenal of weapons, especially the stinging power of their tentacles

3. an account of the consequences of jellyfish as lone survivors
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：F

   原文定位：Unfortunately, where there is a jellyfish-dominated state then this does not support the nutritional needs of other fish, marine mammals, and seabirds.' In other words an ecosystem that loses fish also loses the species that depend on fish for survival;This state has been defined as a 'monoculture of jellyfish', an apt analogy since the situation shares similarities with other monocultures. When the rich biodiversity of tropical forests is replaced by plantations growing a single species of tree, an area of rich variety becomes a desert in terms of biodiversity, as do ocean ecosystems when jellyfish become the dominant species

   同义替换：「jellyfish as lone survivors」↔「ocean ecosystems lose biodiversity」

4. suggestions on how to avoid further jellyfish invasions
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：G

   原文定位：They recommend a halt to overfishing small fish that are vital to keeping jellyfish in check, reducing the amount of fertilizer and sewage running off into the oceans, and finally, if possible, confronting climate change

   同义替换：「suggestions」↔「recommend」，「avoid further jellyfish invasions」↔「reduce fertilizer and sewage」

5. Which TWO of these effects are mentioned by the writer of the text?
   • They have damaged the tourism industry in some areas
   • They have led to a reduction in the oceans' oxygen levels
   • They have contributed to the decline in the Black Sea anchovy population
   • They have caused the shrimp business in the Gulf of Mexico to shut down
   • They have created financial hardship in the fishing industry

   答案：They have contributed to the decline in the Black Sea anchovy population,They have created financial hardship in the fishing industry

   原文定位：This increase first gained attention in the 1980s when a huge number of jellyfish, Atlantic Ocean natives named Mnemiopsis leidyi, devastated the Black Sea, an ecosystem already weakened by overfishing of anchovies. Scientists believe that this species of jellyfish came in on the bottom of a ship and then rapidly multiplied, feeding on anchovy eggs and the plankton that young fish rely on;One result of large jellyfish populations is the economic effect it has had on the fishing industry. In the Gulf of Mexico, shrimp fishermen are struggling with a jellyfish boom that fills nets, causing them to break and resulting in millions of dollars in losses

   同义替换：「decline」↔「devastated」，「financial hardship」↔「economic effect」

6. Which TWO of the following are possible causes of an increase in jellyfish numbers?
   • a shortage of small fish in the oceans
   • the dumping of chemicals into the oceans
   • a decline in biodiversity in the oceans
   • more competition among other fish in the oceans
   • a decrease in seabird populations

   答案：a shortage of small fish in the oceans

   原文定位：This is because small fish appear to keep jellyfish in check by predation (on jellyfish when they are very small) and competition (when feeding). So, once we remove fish, jellyfish can proliferate;Jellyfish outbreaks are linked directly to human actions, including overfishing, the input of fertilizer and sewage into the ocean, and climate change;Eutrophication is an increase of nitrogen and phosphorus in the ocean, largely caused by fertilizer and waste run-off

7. 22 Some fish in the oceans may be unable to sustain their population as the jellyfish eat their _____ .

   答案：eggs

   原文定位：Scientists believe that this species of jellyfish came in on the bottom of a ship and then rapidly multiplied, feeding on anchovy eggs and the plankton that young fish rely on

8. 23 The state of jellyfish becoming the main ocean species has been named _____ .

   答案：monoculture of jellyfish

   原文定位：This state has been defined as a 'monoculture of jellyfish', an apt analogy since the situation shares similarities with other monocultures

   同义替换：「named」↔「defined as」，「main」↔「dominant」

9. 24 Increasing numbers of jellyfish can damage _____ used for commercial fishing.

   答案：nets

   原文定位：In the Gulf of Mexico, shrimp fishermen are struggling with a jellyfish boom that fills nets, causing them to break and resulting in millions of dollars in losses

   同义替换：「damage」↔「break」，「commercial fishing」↔「shrimp fishermen」

10. 25 Understanding basic facts about jellyfish, such as the _____ them best, may help control their numbers. of the ocean which suits.

    答案：water temperature

    原文定位：Experts say that a greater understanding of jellyfish, including their ideal water temperature and feeding habits, is necessary to determine with certainty what is causing the recent massive invasion, and to come up with ways to combat it

    同义替换：「suits them best」↔「ideal」

11. 26 Richardson believes it is better to direct attention to _____ , instead of just trying to solve existing problems.

    答案：prevention

    原文定位：Due to the difficulty of turning ecosystems around once jellyfish have become dominant, Richardson and his colleagues propose focusing on 'prevention rather than cure

    同义替换：「direct attention to」↔「focusing on」，「instead of just trying to solve existing problems」↔「rather than cure」