Do animals really remember?

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题目与答案

1. 14 Paragraph A
   • evidence that man’s ancestors had a concept of the future
   • research into the relation between brain size and memory
   • animals that can remember place and time
   • research into various animal capacity for future planning
   • a memory type described with reference to brain damage
   • conflicting experimental results concerning animal memory

   答案：evidence that man’s ancestors had a concept of the future

   原文定位：Clues about different kinds of memory can be discovered from research conducted on people with certain brain injuries that cause them to forget autobiographical details without forgetting the information they picked up along the way;KC had lost what psychologists now call ‘episodic memory’. Dr Endel Tulving, a Canadian psychologist, defined episodic memory as the ability to recall the details of personal experiences

   同义替换：「type」↔「episodic」，「described」↔「defined」，「with reference to」↔「from research conducted on」，「damage」↔「injuries」

2. 15 Paragraph B
   • evidence that man’s ancestors had a concept of the future
   • research into the relation between brain size and memory
   • animals that can remember place and time
   • research into various animal capacity for future planning
   • a memory type described with reference to brain damage
   • conflicting experimental results concerning animal memory

   答案：animals that can remember place and time

   原文定位：Dr Clayton wondered if scrub jays simply remembered the locations or if they remembered details of the experience of hiding the food. She ran an experiment using two kinds of food;Dr Clayton noted exactly what the birds had hidden and where, and then put the birds in a cage. She later returned the birds to the area where they had hidden the food, in some cases after four hours and in other cases after five days. The time the scrub jays had spent away from their hiding area affected the type of food they looked for

   同义替换：「remember place」↔「where they had hidden the food」，「Animals」↔「scrub jays」

3. 16 Paragraph C
   • evidence that man’s ancestors had a concept of the future
   • research into the relation between brain size and memory
   • animals that can remember place and time
   • research into various animal capacity for future planning
   • a memory type described with reference to brain damage
   • conflicting experimental results concerning animal memory

   答案：conflicting experimental results concerning animal memory

   原文定位：Research with other animals to determine if they are capable of episodic memory has had mixed results

   同义替换：「Conflicting」↔「mixed」，「experimental」↔「research」

4. 17 Paragraph D
   • evidence that man’s ancestors had a concept of the future
   • research into the relation between brain size and memory
   • animals that can remember place and time
   • research into various animal capacity for future planning
   • a memory type described with reference to brain damage
   • conflicting experimental results concerning animal memory

   答案：evidence that man’s ancestors had a concept of the future

   原文定位：He points to the discovery of stone tools which primitive humans used for killing animals 2.5 million years ago;If you’ve just eaten, the only reason you’re going to take a tool with you is if you anticipate using it in the future

   同义替换：「Evidence」↔「discovery of stone tools」，「man’s ancestors」↔「primitive humans」，「had a concept of the future」↔「anticipate using it in the future」

5. 18 Paragraph E
   • evidence that man’s ancestors had a concept of the future
   • research into the relation between brain size and memory
   • animals that can remember place and time
   • research into various animal capacity for future planning
   • a memory type described with reference to brain damage
   • conflicting experimental results concerning animal memory

   答案：experimental evidence of a relation between past and future in human mental processes

   原文定位：Recent brain scanning studies provide physiological support for this link between past and future;When Schacter’s subjects constructed episodic memories;When they are asked to think about themselves in the future, many parts of the same episodic memory networks become active again;suggesting an inter-connection between the processing of the past and future

   同义替换：「Experimental evidence」↔「brain scanning studies」，「relation」↔「inter-connection」，「human mental processes」↔「think about past experiences and imagine future」

6. 19 Paragraph F
   • evidence that man’s ancestors had a concept of the future
   • research into the relation between brain size and memory
   • animals that can remember place and time
   • research into various animal capacity for future planning
   • a memory type described with reference to brain damage
   • conflicting experimental results concerning animal memory

   答案：research into the relation between brain size and memory

   原文定位：Dr Suddendorf’s notions have spurred comparative psychologists to look for evidence that animals can also think ahead. Some studies suggest not. Cebus monkeys;But in other studies, animals show more promise. We tested squirrel monkeys to see if they could anticipate the future

   同义替换：「Research into」↔「studies」，「capacity for future planning」↔「think ahead」

7. 20-21 Which TWO of the following statements concerning episodic memory are found in the text?
   • Dr Tulving believes that most kinds of memory involve aspects of episodic memories.
   • The experimental subject KC was unable to recall the process by which he learned to play a particular board game.
   • In the case of KC the subject’s episodic memory was affected by his brain injuries.
   • Dr Tulving carried out extensive observations of the episodic memories of animals as well as humans.
   • To test his episodic memory KC was given various mathematical problems to solve.

   答案：The experimental subject KC was unable to recall the process by which he learned to play a particular board game.,In the case of KC the subject’s episodic memory was affected by his brain injuries.

   原文定位：Clues about different kinds of memory can be discovered from research conducted on people with certain brain injuries that cause them to forget autobiographical details without forgetting the information they picked up along the way. A man known as KC in the scientific literature, for instance, could play chess with no memory of having ever played it before. He could also remember sentences psychologists taught him without any memory of the lessons. KC had lost what psychologists now call ‘episodic memory’

   同义替换：「unable to recall」↔「no memory of」，「process by which he learned」↔「having ever played it before」，「was affected」↔「had lost」

8. 22-23 Which TWO of the following statements are TRUE concerning Dr Clayton’s experiments with scrub jays?
   • The experiments indicated that the birds could remember how long their food had been buried.
   • In the experiments, the scrub jays preferred burying moth larvae to burying peanuts.
   • In the experiments, the birds were guided by the smell of the hidden food.
   • Scrub jays were taught by Dr Clayton to store food for future use.
   • Scrub jays would rather eat certain nuts than decaying moth larvae.

   答案：The experiments indicated that the birds could remember how long their food had been buried.,Scrub jays would rather eat certain nuts than decaying moth larvae.

   原文定位：The time the scrub jays had spent away from their hiding area affected the type of food they looked for;However, if the larvae have been dead for even a few hours, the jays prefer peanuts

   同义替换：「how long」↔「the time」，「remember」↔「affected the type of food they looked for」，「decaying moth larvae」↔「larvae have been dead for a few hours」，「would rather eat」↔「prefer peanuts」

9. What is ‘true’ episodic memory?

   Dr Suddendorf believes that ‘true’ episodic memory requires the ability to use that memory for the future. He cites as evidence ancient 24_____ which early humans had taken some distance from where they had been originally fashioned. Dr Suddendorf’s theory is supported by scans showing the activation of certain networks in particular areas of the brain both by episodic memory and by consideration of the future.

   答案：tools

   原文定位：He points to the discovery of stone tools which primitive humans used for killing animals 2.5 million years ago. Scientists assume that primitive humans had to find a way of adding much-needed protein to their diet. Paleontologists have determined that some of these tools were moved many kilometres from where they were originally made

   同义替换：「ancient」↔「primitive humans」，「taken some distance」↔「moved many kilometres」

10. Do non-human animals also exhibit ‘true’ episodic memory? Cebus monkeys appear to waste food once they are full, indicating that they do not plan for the future. However, in experiments, squirrel monkeys chose not to take the extra 25_____ they were offered as food,

    答案：dates

    原文定位：He and his colleagues ran a test in which they gave squirrel monkeys a choice of between one or four dates to eat

    同义替换：「offered as food」↔「a choice of between one or four dates to eat」

11. in anticipation of wanting 26_____ soon afterwards.

    答案：water

    原文定位：If the monkeys took four, the scientists kept the water away for three hours. If the monkeys took one, the scientists returned it in half an hour. The monkeys learned to choose one. Though they were not thirsty at the time, they seemed to understand that they would become so in future

    同义替换：「wanting」↔「thirsty」，「soon afterwards」↔「in future」