The origin and development of applause

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题目与答案

1. 14 Paragraph A
   • the impact of musical performance on the etiquette of applause
   • the negative effects of applause on a kind of public performer
   • the initial emergence of applause as a behaviour in the theatre
   • a form of applause that is more far-reaching than ever before
   • the use of applause by political figures to value their own popularity
   • how music can influence an audience’s level of applause

   答案：the initial emergence of applause as a behaviour in the theatre

   原文定位：During the time of the Roman Republic (509BC – 27BC) the common way to end a play was for the chief actor to yell ‘Valete et plaudite!’ (‘Goodbye and applause!’) thus signaling to the audience it was time for them to give praise by striking hands and making explosive noise

   同义替换：「applause as a behaviour」↔「striking hands」，「in the theatre」↔「end a play」

2. 15 Paragraph B
   • the impact of musical performance on the etiquette of applause
   • the negative effects of applause on a kind of public performer
   • the initial emergence of applause as a behaviour in the theatre
   • a form of applause that is more far-reaching than ever before
   • the use of applause by political figures to value their own popularity
   • how music can influence an audience’s level of applause

   答案：the use of applause by political figures to value their own popularity

   原文定位：applause became a way for leaders to interact directly with their citizens. One of the chief methods they used to estimate their standing with the people was gauging the greetings they got when they entered the arena

   同义替换：「political figures」↔「leaders」，「use of applause」↔「greetings」，「value their own popularity」↔「estimate their standing with the people」，「popularity」↔「standing with the people」

3. 16 Paragraph C
   • the impact of musical performance on the etiquette of applause
   • the negative effects of applause on a kind of public performer
   • the initial emergence of applause as a behaviour in the theatre
   • a form of applause that is more far-reaching than ever before
   • the use of applause by political figures to value their own popularity
   • how music can influence an audience’s level of applause

   答案：the use of applause in working out how popular an opponent was

   原文定位：Cicero, the Roman lawyer, would send friends to stand around outside the arena, taking notes to see what kind of greeting each official got when he entered, the better to see who was beloved by the people, and who was not

   同义替换：「working out」↔「see」，「popular」↔「beloved by the people」，「opponent」↔「each official」，「applause」↔「greeting」

4. 17 Paragraph D
   • the impact of musical performance on the etiquette of applause
   • the negative effects of applause on a kind of public performer
   • the initial emergence of applause as a behaviour in the theatre
   • a form of applause that is more far-reaching than ever before
   • the use of applause by political figures to value their own popularity
   • how music can influence an audience’s level of applause

   答案：the different methods of applause employed in ancient times besides clapping

   原文定位：Crowds expressed degrees of approval of the person or persons before them, ranging from claps, to snaps (of the finger and thumb), to waves (of the edge of the toga). The emperor Aurelian decided to replace this gesture by waving a special handkerchief instead

   同义替换：「different」↔「ranging from claps, to」，「applause」↔「expressed degrees of approval」，「besides clapping」↔「waving a special handkerchief」

5. 18 Paragraph E
   • the impact of musical performance on the etiquette of applause
   • the negative effects of applause on a kind of public performer
   • the initial emergence of applause as a behaviour in the theatre
   • a form of applause that is more far-reaching than ever before
   • the use of applause by political figures to value their own popularity
   • how music can influence an audience’s level of applause

   答案：the re-emergence and disappearance of fake appreciation

   原文定位：French poet Jean Daurat is credited with bringing back the Roman practice of hiring professional applauders;By the early 1820s;claques had become institutionalized;The claque lost its power once people became aware of its tricks

   同义替换：「re-emergence」↔「bringing back the Roman practice」，「fake appreciation 」↔「professional applauders」，「disappearance」↔「lost its power」

6. 19 Paragraph F
   • the impact of musical performance on the etiquette of applause
   • the negative effects of applause on a kind of public performer
   • the initial emergence of applause as a behaviour in the theatre
   • a form of applause that is more far-reaching than ever before
   • the use of applause by political figures to value their own popularity
   • how music can influence an audience’s level of applause

   答案：the impact of musical performance on the etiquette of applause

   原文定位：In the 18th century, symphonies and concerts became more serious;Knowing when to maintain silence, as well as when to clap, became a mark of sophistication;applause had become standardized and institutionalized

   同义替换：「musical performance」↔「symphonies」，「impact」↔「became more serious」，「etiquette of applause」↔「institutionalized」

7. 20 Paragraph G
   • the impact of musical performance on the etiquette of applause
   • the negative effects of applause on a kind of public performer
   • the initial emergence of applause as a behaviour in the theatre
   • a form of applause that is more far-reaching than ever before
   • the use of applause by political figures to value their own popularity
   • how music can influence an audience’s level of applause

   答案：a form of applause that is more far-reaching than ever before

   原文定位：In the 21st century we’re reinventing applause;our kind of applause matters more now, in many ways, because it is no longer momentary and short-lived, but is far more permanent instead

   同义替换：「more far-reaching」↔「permanent」，「applause」↔「our expressions of approval」，「than ever before」↔「In the 21st century」

8. 21-22 Which TWO of the following statements are true of the ‘claque’ in France?
   • As a practice in France it first appeared in the 16th century.
   • It did not become a widespread practice within France.
   • The cost of hire depended on the fame of the client.
   • Claqueurs were divided into different categories.
   • The practice did not extend beyond France to other countries.

   答案：As a practice in France it first appeared in the 16th century.,Claqueurs were divided into different categories.

   原文定位：French poet Jean Daurat is credited with bringing back the Roman practice of hiring professional applauders;The claque also underwent a kind of classification;the rieurs (laughers);the pleureurs (criers);the commissaires

   同义替换：「first appeared in」↔「bringing back the Roman practice」，「divided into different categories」↔「underwent a kind of classification」，「claque」↔「professional applauders」

9. In the 18th century, people could show their superiority by understanding when either 23_____ or applause was appropriate.

   答案：silence

   原文定位：Knowing when to maintain silence, as well as when to clap, became a mark of sophistication

   同义替换：「show their superiority」↔「became a mark of sophistication」，「understanding」↔「Knowing」，「applause」↔「clap」

10. Performers in the 18th century, in particular those working in the 24_____, no longer had a meaningful dialogue with their audiences.

    答案：opera

    原文定位：Applause became much less of a true dialogue with an audience, especially so with opera, where the singers saw it as part of a basic transaction with the crowd

    同义替换：「performers」↔「singers」，「in particular」↔「especially so with」，「no longer had a meaningful」↔「much less of a true」

11. In the 19th century, applause was no longer offered as a 25_____ to performers.

    答案：reward

    原文定位：applause had become standardized and institutionalized, and had become an expectation rather than the reward it used to be

    同义替换：「no longer offered as」↔「rather than」，「to performers」↔「it used to be」

12. Nowadays our expressions of approval are seen as 26_____ in comparison to the applause of the past.

    答案：permanent

    原文定位：our kind of applause matters more now, in many ways, because it is no longer momentary and short-lived, but is far more permanent instead

    同义替换：「Nowadays」↔「in the 21st century」，「expressions of approval」↔「kind of applause」，「in comparison to the applause of the past」↔「no longer momentary and short-lived」，「are seen as」↔「is far more」