Twin Study: Two of a kind

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题目与答案

1. Mentioned research conducted in Ohio
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：J

   原文定位：Elsewhere in the marquee, Peter Miraldi, of Kent State University in Ohio, was trying to find out whether genes affect an individual’s motivation to communicate with others. A number of twin studies have shown that personality and sociability are heritable, so he thinks this is fertile ground. And next to Mr Miraldi was a team of dermatologists from Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland

   同义替换：「conducted」↔「trying to find out」

2. Medical contribution to the researches for twins
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：D

   原文定位：More importantly, perhaps, twin studies are helping the understanding of diseases such as cancer, asthma, osteoporosis, arthritis and immune disorders. And twins can be used, within ethical, for medical experiments. A study that administered vitamin C to one twin and a placebo to the other found that it had no effect on the common cold

3. Research situation under life-threatening conditions
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：E

   原文定位：Josef Mengele, a Nazi doctor working at the Auschwitz extermination camp during the second world war, was fascinated by twins. He sought them out among arrivals at the camp and preserved them from the gas-chambers for a series of brutal experiments

   同义替换：「Research」↔「experiments」

4. Data of similarities of identical twins
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：B

   原文定位：Early work, for example, showed that the statistical correlation of skin-mole counts between identical twins was 0.4, while non-identical twins had a correlation of only 0.2. (A score of 1.0 implies a perfect correlation, while a score of zero implies no correlation

   同义替换：「Data」↔「statistical」，「similarities」↔「correlation」

5. Reasons that make one study unconvincing
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：E

   原文定位：After the war, Cyril Burt, a British psychologist who worked on the heredity of intelligence, tainted twin research with results that appear, in retrospect, to have been rather too good. Some of his data on identical twins who had been reared apart were probably faked

6. The first one that conducted research on twins is called 19_____ .

   答案：Francis Galton

   原文定位：The scientific study of twins goes back to the late 19th century, when Francis Galton, an early geneticist, realised that they came in two varieties: identical twins born from one egg and non-identical twins that had come from two

7. He separated twins two categories: non-identical and identical twins. The twin research was used in a medical application in as early as the year of 20_____ .

   答案：1924

   原文定位：That insight turned out to be key, although it was not until 1924 that it was used to formulate what is known as the twin rule of pathology, and twin studies really got going

   同义替换：「twin research was used in a medical application」↔「formulate the twin rule of pathology」，「as early as the year」↔「not until 1924」

8. Please choose THREE research fields that had been carried out in Ohio, Maryland and Twinsburgh?
   • Sense
   • Cancer
   • Be allergic to Vitamin D
   • Mole heredity
   • Sound
   • Baldness of men

   答案：Sense,Sound,Baldness of men

   原文定位：Dr Breslin and his colleagues want to find out how genes influence human perception, particularly the senses of smell and taste and those (warmth, cold, pain, tingle, itch and so on) that result from stimulation of the skin;On the other side of the tent Dennis Drayna, from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, in Maryland, was studying hearing. He wants to know what happens to sounds after they reach the ear. It is not clear, he says, whether the sound is processed into sensation mostly in the ear or in the brain. Dr Drayna has already been involved in a twin study which revealed that the perception of musical pitch is highly heritable;They are looking at the development of skin disease and male-pattern baldness. The goal of the latter piece of research is to find the genes responsible for making men’s hair fall out

   同义替换：「Sense」↔「perception」，「Sound」↔「musical pitch」，「Baldness of men」↔「men’s hair fall out」

9. Please choose THREE results that had been verified in this passage.
   • Non-identical twins come from different eggs.
   • Genetic relation between identical twins is closer than non-identical ones.
   • Vitamin C has an evident effect on a cold.
   • Genetic influence on smoking is superior to the environment’s.
   • If a pregnant woman eats too much sweet would lead to skin disease.
   • Hair loss has been found to be connected with a skin problem.

   答案：Non-identical twins come from different eggs.,Genetic relation between identical twins is closer than non-identical ones.,Genetic influence on smoking is superior to the environment’s.

   原文定位：they came in two varieties: identical twins born from one egg and non-identical twins that had come from two;The twin rule of pathology states that any heritable disease will be more concordant in identical twins than in non-identical twins;Twin research has shown that whether or not someone takes up smoking is determined mainly by environmental factors, but once he does so, how much he smokes is largely down to his genes

   同义替换：「Genetic relation closer」↔「more concordant」