Pacific navigation and voyaging

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题目与答案

1. 27 The Pacific islands were uninhabited when migrants arrived by sea from Southeast Asia.
   • YES
   • NO
   • NOT GIVEN

   答案：YES

   原文定位：The many tiny islands of the Pacific Ocean had no human population until ancestors of today’s islanders sailed from Southeast Asia in ocean-going canoes approximately 2,000 years ago

   同义替换：「uninhabited 」↔「had no human population」，「migrants」↔「ancestors of today’s islanders」，「arrived by sea」↔「sailed from Southeast Asia in ocean-going canoes」

2. 28 Andrew Sharp was the first person to write about the migrants to islanders.
   • YES
   • NO
   • NOT GIVEN

   答案：NO

   原文定位：Although the romantic vision of some early twentieth-century writers of fleets of heroic navigators simultaneously setting sail had come to be considered by later investigators to be exaggerated, no considered assessment of Pacific voyaging was forthcoming until 1956 when the American historian Andrew Sharp published his research

3. 29 Andrew Sharp believed migratory voyages were based on more on luck than skill.
   • YES
   • NO
   • NOT GIVEN

   答案：YES

   原文定位：Sharp challenged the ‘heroic vision’ by asserting that the expertise of the navigators was limited, and that the settlement of the islands was not systematic, being more dependent on good fortune by drifting canoes

   同义替换：「believed」↔「asserting」，「migratory voyages」↔「the settlement of the islands」，「more on luck」↔「good fortune」，「than skill」↔「the expertise of the navigators was limited」

4. 30 Despite being controversial, Andrew Sharp’s research had positive results.
   • YES
   • NO
   • NOT GIVEN

   答案：YES

   原文定位：Sharp’s theory was widely challenged, and deservedly so. If nothing else, however, it did spark renewed interest in the topic and precipitated valuable new research

   同义替换：「research」↔「theory」，「Despite being controversial」↔「widely challenged」，「had positive results」↔「spark renewed interest」

5. 31 Edwin Doran disagreed with the findings of Lewis’s research.
   • YES
   • NO
   • NOT GIVEN

   答案：NOT GIVEN

   原文定位：Lewis found that ancient navigators would have known which course to steer by memorizing which stars rose and set in certain positions along the horizon and this gave them fixed directions by which to steer their boats;He was interested in obtaining exact data on canoe sailing performance, and to that end employed the latest electronic instrumentation. Doran traveled on board traditional sailing canoes in some of the most remote parts of the Pacific, all the while using his instruments to record canoe speeds;In the process, he provided the first really precise attributes of traditional sailing canoes

6. 32 David Lewis’s research was different because
   • he observed traditional navigators at work
   • he conducted test voyages using his own yacht
   • he carried no modern instruments on test voyages
   • he spoke the same language as the islanders he sailed with

   答案：he observed traditional navigators at work

   原文定位：In 1965, David Lewis, a physician and experienced yachtsman, set to work using his own unique philosophy: he took the yacht he had owned for many years and navigated through the islands in order to contact those men who still find their way at sea using traditional methods. He then accompanied these men, in their traditional canoes, on test voyages from which all modern instruments were banished from sight

   同义替换：「different」↔「unique」，「observed traditional navigators at work」↔「contact those men who still find their way at sea using traditional methods」

7. 33 What did David Lewis’s research discover about traditional navigators?
   • They used the sun and moon to find their position
   • They could not sail further than about 1,000 nautical miles
   • They knew which direction they were sailing in
   • They were able to drift for long distances

   答案：They knew which direction they were sailing in

   原文定位：Far from drifting, as proposed by Sharp, Lewis found that ancient navigators would have known which course to steer by memorizing which stars rose and set in certain positions along the horizon and this gave them fixed directions by which to steer their boats

   同义替换：「research 」↔「found」，「traditional」↔「ancient」，「knew which direction they were sailing in」↔「fixed directions by which to steer their boats」

8. 34 What are we told about Edwin Doran’s research?
   • Data were collected after the canoes had returned to land
   • Canoe characteristics were recorded using modern instruments
   • Research was conducted in the most densely populated regions
   • Navigators were not allowed to see the instruments Doran used

   答案：Canoe characteristics were recorded using modern instruments

   原文定位：He was interested in obtaining exact data on canoe sailing performance, and to that end employed the latest electronic instrumentation;In the process, he provided the first really precise attributes of traditional sailing canoes

   同义替换：「Canoe characteristics」↔「precise attributes of traditional sailing canoes」，「recorded using modern instruments」↔「employed the latest electronic instrumentation」

9. 35 Which of the following did Steven Horvath discover during his research?
   • Canoe design was less important than human strength
   • New research methods had to be developed for use in canoes
   • Navigators became very tired on the longest voyages
   • Human energy may have been used to assist sailing canoes

   答案：Human energy may have been used to assist sailing canoes

   原文定位：He concluded that paddles, or perhaps long oars, could indeed have propelled for long distances what were primarily sailing vessels

   同义替换：「discover」↔「concluded」，「canoes」↔「vessels」，「may have been used to assist」↔「could indeed have propelled」

10. 36 What is the writer’s opinion of p Wall Garrard’s research?
    • He is disappointed it was conducted in the laboratory
    • He is impressed by the originality of the techniques used
    • He is surprised it was used to help linguists with their research
    • He is concerned that the islands studied are long distances apart

    答案：He is impressed by the originality of the techniques used

    原文定位：Wall Garrard’s unusual method was to use the findings of linguists who had studied the languages of the Pacific islands;Clever adaptation of computer simulation techniques pioneered in other disciplines allowed him to produce convincing models suggesting the migrations were indeed systematic, but not simultaneous

11. One limitation in the information produced by all of this research is that it
    • was the variety of experimental techniques used.
    • was not of interest to young islanders today.
    • was not conclusive evidence in support of a single theory.
    • was being able to change their practices when necessary.
    • was the first time humans intentionally crossed an ocean.
    • was the speed with which it was conducted.

    答案：was not conclusive evidence in support of a single theory.

    原文定位：Quite correctly, none of the researchers tried to use their findings to prove one theory or another; experiments such as these cannot categorically confirm or negate a hypothesis

    同义替换：「information produced by all of this research」↔「experiments such as these」，「not conclusive evidence」↔「cannot categorically confirm or negate」，「in support of a single theory」↔「prove one theory or another」

12. The best thing about this type of research
    • was the variety of experimental techniques used.
    • was not of interest to young islanders today.
    • was not conclusive evidence in support of a single theory.
    • was being able to change their practices when necessary.
    • was the first time humans intentionally crossed an ocean.
    • was the speed with which it was conducted.

    答案：was the variety of experimental techniques used.

    原文定位：The strength of this research lay in the range of methodologies employed

    同义替换：「best thing」↔「strength 」，「variety of experimental techniques」↔「range of methodologies employed」

13. The most important achievement of traditional navigators
    • was the variety of experimental techniques used.
    • was not of interest to young islanders today.
    • was not conclusive evidence in support of a single theory.
    • was being able to change their practices when necessary.
    • was the first time humans intentionally crossed an ocean.
    • was the speed with which it was conducted.

    答案：was being able to change their practices when necessary.

    原文定位：When we splice together these findings we can propose that traditional navigators used a variety of canoe types, sources of water and navigation techniques, and it was this adaptability which was their greatest accomplishment. These navigators observed the conditions prevailing at sea at the time a voyage was made and altered their techniques accordingly

    同义替换：「most important achievement」↔「greatest accomplishment」，「being able to change their practices」↔「altered their techniques accordingly」，「when necessary」↔「observed the conditions prevailing at sea」

14. The migration of people from Asia to the Pacific
    • was the variety of experimental techniques used.
    • was not of interest to young islanders today.
    • was not conclusive evidence in support of a single theory.
    • was being able to change their practices when necessary.
    • was the first time humans intentionally crossed an ocean.
    • was the speed with which it was conducted.

    答案：was the first time humans intentionally crossed an ocean.

    原文定位：as such, the Pacific peoples were able to view the ocean as an avenue, not a barrier, to communication before any other race on Earth

    同义替换：「the first time humans」↔「before any other race on Earth」，「intentionally crossed an ocean」↔「view the ocean as an avenue」