The importance of being playful

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题目与答案

1. 14 reference to how play can develop children's verbal skills.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：B

   原文定位：Studies show that children use more sophisticated language when playing with other children than when playing with adults. In pretend play, for instance, they have to communicate about something that's not physically present, so they have to use complicated language to communicate what it is that they're trying to say

2. 15 mention of a change in the amount of free play children engage in.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：A

   原文定位：In the past, few children grew up without ample free-play time. But youngsters' leisure hours are now filled with structured activities such as music lessons and sports

3. 16 an account of some research indicating that free play stimulates children's creativity.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：G

   原文定位：The kids who had played with the objects named, on average, three times as many nonstandard, creative uses for the objects as those in either of the other two groups did, suggesting that play fosters imaginative thinking

4. 17 evidence of the link between antisocial behaviour and a lack of free play.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：C

   原文定位：A study of children in Michigan revealed that kids who enrolled in play-oriented preschools were more socially adjusted later in life - and less likely to commit a felony or be suspended from work - than kids who attended play-free preschools where they were constantly instructed by teachers

5. 18 a comparison between free play and other forms of play.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：A

   原文定位：Most games are fun and sources of learning experiences fostering group cohesion, for instance, says educational psychologist Anthony Pellegrini. But, Pellegrini explains, "games have predetermined rules-set up in advance and followed. Play, on the other hand, does not have rules;affords more creative responses. Children initiate and create free play, and use their imagination to try out new activities and roles

6. It encourages children to take other people`s wishes into account.
   • A Anthony Pellegrini
   • B Jaak Panksepp
   • C Stephen Siviy
   • D Marc Bekoff

   答案：A Anthony Pellegrini

   原文定位：They want this thing to keep going, so they're willing to go the extra mile to accommodate their playmates' desires

7. It can serve to relieve stress.
   • A Anthony Pellegrini
   • B Jaak Panksepp
   • C Stephen Siviy
   • D Marc Bekoff

   答案：C Stephen Siviy

   原文定位：Shortly thereafter, the first rat relaxed and became calm," says Siviy, "suggesting that play helped lessen its anxiety

8. It prepares children for dealing with unpredictable situations.
   • A Anthony Pellegrini
   • B Jaak Panksepp
   • C Stephen Siviy
   • D Marc Bekoff

   答案：D Marc Bekoff

   原文定位：Play is like a kaleidoscope," says evolutionary biologist Marc Bekoff, "in that it is random and creative. It encourages flexibility and creativity that may, in the future, be advantageous in unexpected situations or new environments

9. It is less useful for children when adults are involved.
   • A Anthony Pellegrini
   • B Jaak Panksepp
   • C Stephen Siviy
   • D Marc Bekoff

   答案：A Anthony Pellegrini

   原文定位：Studies show that children use more sophisticated language when playing with other children than when playing with adults

10. Animal research into the value of play

    23 In studies researching links between play and social learning, experiments analysing protein levels in the 23 of rats noted significant differences between rats which had _____ played and those which had not.

    答案：brains

    原文定位：Examination revealed that the brains of the rats which had played contained much higher levels of BDNF - a protein that stimulates the growth of new neurons than those of the animals that had not

11. 24 In another study, rats made distressed by an object smelling of a _____

    答案：cat

    原文定位：In 2008, neuroscientist Stephen Sivly put rats into a chamber and exposed them to a collar previously worn by a cat, making them visibly anxious

12. 25 experienced a noticeable reduction in their _____ levels after they had been allowed to play.

    答案：anxiety

    原文定位：Shortly thereafter, the first rat relaxed and became calm," says Siviy, "suggesting that play helped lessen its anxiety

13. 26 A further experiment, in which rats had to move a _____ in order to reach a reward, indicated that rats deprived of play were less skilled at dealing with problems.

    答案：ball

    原文定位：The researchers taught these rats, and a group that had been allowed to play without constraints, to pull a rubber ball out of the way to get a food treat. A few days later they switched the setup so the rats would have to push the same ball to get the treat