雅思阅读真题（Part 2）
Part 2 · 考频：中频 · 最近考试：2023.4.8
A
It has long been held that decision made collectively by large groups of people are more likely to turn out to be accurate than decisions made by individuals. The idea goes back to the 'jury theorem’ of Nicolas de Condorcet, an 18th-century French philosopher who was one of the first to apply mathematics to the social sciences. Condorcet’s theory describes collective decisions, outlining how democratic decisions tend to outperform dictatorial ones. If, for example, each member of a jury has only partial information, the majority decision is more likely to be correct than a decision arrived at by a single juror. Moreover, the probability of a correct decision increases with the size of the jury.
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答案：how the number of decision-makers affects the decision
原文定位：Moreover, the probability of a correct decision increases with the size of the jury
答案：signals used by certain insects to indicate a discovery
原文定位：Among the bees that depart are some that have searched for and found some new nest sites, and reported back using a characteristic body movement known as a 'waggle dance' to indicate to the other bees the suitable places they have located. The longer the dance, the better the site
答案：the use of virtual scenarios in the study of insect behaviour
原文定位：To find out, Dr List and his colleagues used a computer-generated model of the decision-making process. By experimenting with it they found that
答案：the effect of man-made imitations on insects
原文定位：José Halloy of the Free University of Brussels in Belgium used robotic cockroaches to subvert the behavior of living cockroaches and control their decision-making process;Halloy was able to persuade the living cockroaches to choose an inappropriate shelter-even one which they had rejected before being infiltrated by the robots
答案：how urgency can affect the process of finding a new home
原文定位：Franks and his associates reported how the insects reduce the problems associated with making a necessarily swift choice. If the ants’ existing nest becomes suddenly threatened, the insects choose certain ants to act as scouts to find a new nest
答案：the need to instruct additional insect guides
原文定位：Once the suitable new nest is identified, the chosen ants begin to lead others, which have made it to the new site or which may simply be in the vicinity, back to the original threatened nest;those ants which are familiar with the route can help transport... and simultaneously show the way to those ants which have been left behind to guard the old nest
答案：C José Halloy
原文定位：By manipulating the robots, which were in the minority, Halloy was able to persuade the living cockroaches to choose an inappropriate shelter-even one which they had rejected before being infiltrated by the robots
答案：B Christian List and colleagues
原文定位：The researchers concluded that the ability of bees to identify successfully and quickly the best site depends on both the bees’ interdependence in communicating the whereabouts of the best site, and their independence in confirming this information for themselves
答案：A Nicolas de Condorcet
原文定位：Moreover, the probability of a correct decision increases with the size of the jury
答案：B Christian List and colleagues
原文定位：The decision is remarkably reliable, with the bees choosing the best site even when there are only small differences between alternative sites
答案：threatened
原文定位：If the ants’ existing nest becomes suddenly threatened, the insects choose certain ants to act as scouts to find a new nest
答案：scouts
原文定位：If the ants’ existing nest becomes suddenly threatened, the insects choose certain ants to act as scouts to find a new nest
答案：leaders
原文定位：But it does suggest, even for humans, the importance of recruiting dynamic leaders to a cause, because the most important thing about collective decision-making, as shown by these insect experiments, is to get others to follow