# Fungi a new sustainable alternative - 科目：雅思阅读真题（Part 1） - 最近考试：2026.8.15 - 题目数：13 - 来源页：https://www.yaquan.site/paper/c2bdb5bf-1db9-4a9b-aa44-e2c9fd4542d8（在线机考练习与音频请访问该页面） - 数据更新：2026-10-29 ## 题目原文 A Innovators are turning to fungi to replace less environmentally friendly materials Fungi are peculiar organisms. Neither plant nor animal, they have their own kingdom, and play an important role in the decomposition of organic matter. There is a widespread perception that fungi, such as mildews, yeasts and mushrrooms, are dangerous but some scientists and innovators are trying to change this perception by using fungi to create everyday objects. Not only are fungi readily available in nature but they're also sustainable and have the potential to replace less environmentally friendly materials, such as plastic. Is fungus the material of the future? B Designer Maurizio Montalti asked himself this very question during his studies at the Design Academy Eindhoven in the Netherlands. 'It became apparent that fungi are the great recyclers of the natural world,' says Montalti. As a student, he developed an interest in ways of producing materials from alternative sources.Realizing fungi's hidden potential, but not having a background in biology, he contacted Han Wosten, a professor of microbiology at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. In the years since, they have developed a method of growing fungi in a controlled environment that makes it a sustainable alternative to materials like plastic, rubber, woodland leather. With a goal of sharing their work with the public, they decided to stage an exhibition that included an array of everyday objects created from fungi, including chairs, lampshades and slippers. By allowing visitors to interact with each piece by picking it up and discovering that it was both firm and light, their hope was that people would walk away with a better understanding of fungi's potential as a sustainable material. C In order to understand exactly how Montalti and Wosten use fungi to create these objects, it is necessary to understand the composition of these organisms. The vegetative part of fungi is called mycelium, and it consists of multiple long, thread-like fibers. The mycelium is what Montalti and Wosten use to make their sustainable items. An important part of the ecosystem, mycelium breaks down organic matter along with toxic substances, such as pesticides, and also filters water. In a laboratory process, Montalti and Wosten let fungi degrade farm waste such as straw. This results in mycelium that is similar in strength to plastic. Once enough myceliuim has formed, Montalti and Wosten take the mass and put it into a mold which retains humidity and forces it to take on a specific shape. Once the mycelium fills out the mold-a process that typically takes several weeks, depending on the size of the moled - the formed object is fired in an oven, which kills the fungi and stops it getting any bigger. In their work, Montalti and Wosten often use oyster mushrooms, which not only thrive on dead plant materials but are non-toxic, unlike some other mushrooms. D Montalti first learned about mycelium after attending a workshop led by Eben Bayer, co-founder and CEO of Ecovative, a company in Albany, New York that develops and produces sustainable packaging and building materials using mycelium. Bayer began working with mycelium in order to find a replacement for thee harmful adhesive used in building manufacturing. In 2006, he and his business partner,Gavin Mcintyre, applied for a patent and eventually began commercializing their product. In the time since, they've introduced dozens of designers and artists around the world to mycelium and its potential as a sustainable material, even going so far as to market grow-it-yourself kits that consumers can use at home. 'There are about 30 or 40 different designers and artists around the world who are doing projects with mycelium,' Bayer says E Due to fungi's natural qualities, mycelium-based objects aren't meant to last forever, a issue that Montalti and Wosten are in the process of trying to resolve. 'Mycelium is still an experimental material and by definition it is susceptible to degradation,' Montalti says. He points out, however, that this doesn't mean that items made with mycelium are subject to quick decay, 'unless the conditions for such degradation to occur are created,' such as a shift in humidity or an increase or decrease in temperature. F To make mycelium more resistant to these shifts, Montalti and Wosten are trying to find a coating that can be applied to objects near the end of production. In addition to household products, they're focusing on producing architectural materials such as panels and ceilings using their developed method. 'For the future, our aim is that, 20 years from now, you can buy anything you need for a constructio in project using fungus, Wosten says. He adds that materials made of mycelium,'would replace things like plastic, stones, and bricks'. Perhaps fungus really is the material of the future. ## 题目与答案 ### 1. 1 Fungi are a member of the plant kingdom. 1 Fungi are a member of the plant kingdom. - TRUE - FALSE - NOT GIVEN **答案**：FALSE 原文定位：Neither plant nor animal, they have their own kingdom, and play an important role in the decomposition of organic matter ### 10. - developed an alternative to a dangerous 10_____ - developed an alternative to a dangerous 10_____ **答案**：adhesive 原文定位：Bayer began working with mycelium in order to find a replacement for thee harmful adhesive used in building manufacturing 同义替换：「alternative to」↔「replacement for」；「dangerous」↔「harmful」 ### 11. - introduced mycelium to designers and artists - created 11_____ for home use - introduced mycelium to designers and artists - created 11_____ for home use **答案**：kits 原文定位：even going so far as to market grow-it-yourself kits that consumers can use at home 同义替换：「created」↔「market」；「for home use」↔「that consumers can use at home」 ### 12. ·an issue: changes in 12_____ and humidity can shorten the lifespan of mycelium-based products ·an issue: changes in 12_____ and humidity can shorten the lifespan of mycelium-based products **答案**：temperature 原文定位：unless the conditions for such degradation to occur are created,' such as a shift in humidity or an increase or decrease in temperature 同义替换：「changes in」↔「a shift in」 ### 13. ·a possible solution: using a 13_____ on mycelium-based products ·goal: to make all construction materials from mycelium. ·a possible solution: using a 13_____ on mycelium-based products ·goal: to make all construction materials from mycelium. **答案**：coating 原文定位：To make mycelium more resistant to these shifts, Montalti and Wosten are trying to find a coating that can be applied to objects near the end of production 同义替换：「possible solution」↔「trying to find」；「using」↔「applied」；「products」↔「objects」 ### 2. 2 Mushrooms are the most dangerous of all fungi. 2 Mushrooms are the most dangerous of all fungi. - TRUE - FALSE - NOT GIVEN **答案**：NOT GIVEN 原文定位：There is a widespread perception that fungi, such as mildews, yeasts and mushrooms, are dangerous but some scientists and innovators are trying to change this perception by using fungi to create everyday objects ### 3. 3 One benefit of fungi is that they are easy to find. 3 One benefit of fungi is that they are easy to find. - TRUE - FALSE - NOT GIVEN **答案**：TRUE 原文定位：Not only are fungi readily available in nature but they're also sustainable and have the potential to replace less environmentally friendly materials, such as plastic 同义替换：「easy to find」↔「readily available in nature」 ### 4. 4 Montalti and Wosten exhibited objects made of fungi to sell to visitors. 4 Montalti and Wosten exhibited objects made of fungi to sell to visitors. - TRUE - FALSE - NOT GIVEN **答案**：FALSE 原文定位：With a goal of sharing their work with the public, they decided to stage an exhibition that included an array of everyday objects created from fungi;their hope was that people would walk away with a better understanding of fungi's potential as a sustainable material 同义替换：「exhibited objects made of fungi」↔「stage an exhibition that included an array of everyday objects created from fungi」；「to sell to visitors」↔「goal of sharing their work」 ### 5. 5 The visiting public had a chance to find out about the useful qualities of fungi. 5 The visiting public had a chance to find out about the useful qualities of fungi. - TRUE - FALSE - NOT GIVEN **答案**：TRUE 原文定位：By allowing visitors to interact with each piece by picking it up and discovering that it was both firm and light, their hope was that people would walk away with a better understanding of fungi's potential as a sustainable material 同义替换：「visiting public」↔「people」；「useful qualities of fungi」↔「firm and light」 ### 6. Using mycelium to create materials ·mycelium: a collection of thin, plant-like 6_____ in fungi Using mycelium to create materials ·mycelium: a collection of thin, plant-like 6_____ in fungi **答案**：fibers 原文定位：The vegetative part of fungi is called mycelium, and it consists of multiple long, thread-like fibers 同义替换：「a collection of」↔「consists of multiple」 ### 7. ·mycelium benefits the ecosystem by: - decomposing organic and 7_____ materials - filtering water ·mycelium benefits the ecosystem by: - decomposing organic and 7_____ materials - filtering water **答案**：toxic 原文定位：An important part of the ecosystem, mycelium breaks down organic matter along with toxic substances, such as pesticides, and also filters water 同义替换：「decomposing」↔「breaks down」；「materials」↔「substances」 ### 8. ·the process: - fungi decompose agricultural waste, producing mycelium about as strong as 8_____ - mycelium is placed in a mould to give it a shape - the material is later placed in an oven to prevent further growth ·the process: - fungi decompose agricultural waste, producing mycelium about as strong as 8_____ - mycelium is placed in a mould to give it a shape - the material is later placed in an oven to prevent further growth **答案**：plastic 原文定位：In a laboratory process, Montalti and Wosten let fungi degrade farm waste such as straw. This results in mycelium that is similar in strength to plastic 同义替换：「agricultural」↔「farm」；「producing」↔「results in」；「about as strong as」↔「similar in strength to」 ### 9. ·the company Ecovative: - used mycelium to make 9_____ as well as products for construction ·the company Ecovative: - used mycelium to make 9_____ as well as products for construction **答案**：packaging 原文定位：Ecovative, a company in Albany, New York that develops and produces sustainable packaging and building materials using mycelium 同义替换：「construction products」↔「building materials」；「as well as」↔「and」 --- 以上内容由鸭圈雅思真题库（www.yaquan.site）提供，收录近期雅思考试真题回忆，支持在线机考模式免费练习。