Learning from the Romans

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题目与答案

1. an opinion on why the Romans reduced the amount of concrete they made for use in seawater.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：D

   原文定位：Over time, the Romans used less and less concrete.' 'As the Roman Empire declined, and shipping declined, the need for the seawater concrete declined,' said Jackson

   同义替换：「reduced the amount of」↔「used less and less」，「reduced」↔「declined」

2. a list of the contents of both Portland and Roman cement.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：B

   原文定位：Portland cement is a compound of calcium, silicates, and hydrates (C-S-H). However, analysis of Roman concrete shows that it contains a significantly different cement. Roman cement contains aluminum, which is not found in Portland cement, and less silicon than is found in Portland cement

   同义替换：「contents」↔「contains」

3. an argument for finding substitutes for a limited resource that is used in making cement.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：F

   原文定位：There is not enough fly ash in this world to replace half of the Portland cement being used,' said Monteiro. 'Many countries don't have fly ash, so the idea is to find alternative local materials that will work, including the kind of volcanic ash that Romans used

   同义替换：「substitutes」↔「alternative local materials」，「limited resource」↔「not enough fly ash」

4. information about the structure from which the scientists took their Roman concrete samples.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：A

   原文定位：Analysis of samples from the ancient underwater site in Pozzuoli Bay near Naples in Italy, and pinpointed why the best Roman concrete was superior to most modern concrete

5. a comparison of the environmental impacts of making modern and Roman concrete.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：E

   原文定位：Producing Roman concrete also left a smaller carbon footprint than its modern counterpart;The production of Roman concrete, however, was much cleaner, as less heat was needed

   同义替换：「making」↔「producing」，「environmental effects」↔「carbon footprint」

6. a comparison of the durability of Roman concrete with concrete produced today.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：G

   原文定位：Yet Roman harbor installations have survived 2,000 years of chemical attack from seawater and wave action. Stronger, longer-lasting modern concrete may be the legacy of a deeper understanding of how the Romans made their incomparable concrete

   同义替换：「durability」↔「longer-lasting」

7. details of how the Romans used seawater to make concrete.
   • A
   • B
   • C
   • D
   • E
   • F

   答案：C

   原文定位：They combined volcanic ash with lime;This was then packed, together with stones and chunks of rock, into wooden molds, which were then immersed in seawater. The seawater instantly triggered a hot chemical reaction;to cement the whole mixture together

8. 21-22 According to the passage, which TWO of the following statements about fly ash are true?
   • Fly ash results in less damage to the environment than Portland cement.
   • Fly ash was used by the Romans as an alternative to volcanic ash.
   • Fly ash is already used in the production of some concrete.
   • All countries have access to fly ash resources.
   • Fly ash will soon replace volcanic ash.

   答案：Fly ash results in less damage to the environment than Portland cement.,Fly ash is already used in the production of some concrete.

   原文定位：Some modern concrete no longer contains Portland cement; instead, fly ash is used, which causes fewer greenhouse gas emissions;There is not enough fly ash in this world to replace half of the Portland cement being used. Many countries don’t have fly ash

   同义替换：「less damage to the environment」↔「fewer greenhouse gas emissions」

9. The environmental effects of concrete production

   Roman concrete is better for the environment than modern concrete, which is made by using Portland cement. This is because a temperature of 1,450 degrees Celsius is needed to combine clays and 23_____ was reduced by a 24_____ less 25_____ to make Portland cement.

   答案：limestone|||third|||heat

   原文定位：heating a mix of limestone and clays to 1,450 degrees Celsius;A temperature that was a third lower than that required for making Portland cement was sufficient for making Roman concrete;The production of Roman concrete;was much cleaner, as less heat was needed

   同义替换：「combine」↔「mix」，「reduced」↔「lower」

10. This level of heat when making Roman concrete. Needing less heat meant had to be burned and less carbon dioxide was produced. According to Monteiro, when considering the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by 26_____ seven percent of it comes from the manufacture of Portland cement.

    答案：industry

    原文定位：The problem is that manufacturing Portland cement accounts for seven percent of the carbon dioxide that industry puts into the air

    同义替换：「emitted by」↔「puts into the air」，「comes from」↔「accounts for」