Understanding symbols

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题目与答案

1. 27 In the first paragraph, what did the children in the experiment have to do?
   • A spot the differences between a real room and a smaller version
   • B make a copy of a life-sized room using small furniture
   • C hide a large toy in a tiny room
   • D locate a toy in a life-sized room

   答案：D locate a toy in a life-sized room

   原文定位：For the study a child watched as we hid a miniature toy... in the model. We then encouraged the child to find "Big Snoopy," a large version of the toy hiding in the same place in his big room

2. 28 What was the result of the first experiment?
   • A Both two-and-a-half-and-three-year-olds completed the task successfully.
   • B Three-year-olds could mentally relate the two rooms they had been shown.
   • C Two-and-a-half-year-olds could relate more closely to the toys as symbols.
   • D Two-and-a-half-year-olds had poorer memory than three-year-olds.

   答案：B Three-year-olds could mentally relate the two rooms they had been shown.

   原文定位：The three-year-olds were very successful. After they observed the small toy being placed behind the miniature couch, they ran into the room and found the large toy behind the real couch

3. 29 In the fourTwo-and-a-half-year-olds had poorer memory than three-year-olds.th paragraph, what does the writer say about children and pictures?
   • A Infants are unable to understand that pictures serve a double purpose.
   • B Young children may understand pictures more readily than adults.
   • B Young children may understand pictures more readily than adults.
   • D Adults should encourage children to look at pictures from an early age.

   答案：A Infants are unable to understand that pictures serve a double purpose.

   原文定位：No symbols seem simpler to adults, but infants initially find pictures perplexing. The problem stems from the duality inherent in all symbolic objects

4. 30 In the third experiment, what did the writer notice about the reactions of the toddlers?
   • A They often behaved in an unpredictable way.
   • B They were only comfortable performing very familiar tasks.
   • C They became frustrated when they could not achieve a task.
   • D They behaved the same whether they were successful or not.

   答案：D They behaved the same whether they were successful or not.

   原文定位：Interestingly, most of the children showed little reaction to their failed attempts. We think this probably reflects the fact that toddlers' daily lives are full of unsuccessful attempts to do one thing or another

5. 31 What did the experiment involving a mathematical problem suggest about children's. learning?
   • A Children are able to understand complex concepts at an early age.
   • B Children younger than seven cannot learn using pencil and paper alone.
   • C Using blocks can make it harder for children to learn new concepts.
   • D Teachers should try using blocks to teach mathematics to lower level students.

   答案：C Using blocks can make it harder for children to learn new concepts.

   原文定位：Teachers everywhere use blocks or other objects to represent numerical quantity. However, if young children do not understand the relation between an object and what it represents, this could be counterproductive

6. 32 What does Deloache conclude about the results of her and Chong's experiment?
   • A Children's books should be more interactive.
   • B 2-D-books should contain realistic images.
   • C Simpler books may be better learning tools.
   • D 3-D books help weaker students to progress.

   答案：C Simpler books may be better learning tools.

   原文定位：Presumably, the children could concentrate more easily with the plain 2-D book, whereas with the other one they were distracted by the 3-D activities. Less may be more when it comes to educational books for young children

7. 32 What does Deloache conclude about the results of her and Chong's experiment?
   • A Children's books should be more interactive.
   • B 2-D-books should contain realistic images.
   • C Simpler books may be better learning tools.
   • D 3-D books help weaker students to progress.

   答案：C Simpler books may be better learning tools.

   原文定位：Presumably, the children could concentrate more easily with the plain 2D book, whereas with the other one they were distracted by the 3D activities. Less may be more when it comes to educational books for young children

8. The test involving-9-month-old-babies attempted to find out
   • A that a three-year-old may still expect an image to perform a real task.
   • B how quickly children can learn the alphabet.
   • C the best age for children to begin school.
   • D the effectiveness of symbolic objects as teaching tools.
   • E whether young children are puzzled by pictures.
   • F that young children expect tiny objects to function in the same way as life-sized ones.

   答案：E whether young children are puzzled by pictures.

   原文定位：Fortunately we were wrong. We began testing infants' understanding of pictures by putting a book of highly realistic colour photographs of individual objects in front of nine month olds

9. The third experiment revealed
   • A that a three-year-old may still expect an image to perform a real task.
   • B how quickly children can learn the alphabet.
   • C the best age for children to begin school.
   • D the effectiveness of symbolic objects as teaching tools.
   • E whether young children are puzzled by pictures.
   • F that young children expect tiny objects to function in the same way as life-sized ones.

   答案：F that young children expect tiny objects to function in the same way as life-sized ones.

   原文定位：Then we secretly replaced each object with an identical miniature version. Most children attempted to perform the same actions with the miniature items that they had with the larger ones. Some tried to sit on the chair, others attempted to climb into the car

10. The maths experiment was designed to assess
    • A that a three-year-old may still expect an image to perform a real task.
    • B how quickly children can learn the alphabet.
    • C the best age for children to begin school.
    • D the effectiveness of symbolic objects as teaching tools.
    • E whether young children are puzzled by pictures.
    • F that young children expect tiny objects to function in the same way as life-sized ones.

    答案：D the effectiveness of symbolic objects as teaching tools.

    原文定位：Teachers everywhere use blocks or other objects to represent numerical quantity. However, if young children do not understand the relation between an object and what it represents, this could be counterproductive. To demonstrate this, we taught six and seven year olds a difficult subtraction problem using blocks

11. 36 The results of the first experiment revealed unexpected information.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：YES

    原文定位：I realised my memory study was instead a study of symbolic understanding and that the children's failure might be telling us something about how and when children acquire the ability to understand that one object stands for another

12. 37 Infants react the same way to both drawings and photographs.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：NO

    原文定位：However, when depicted objects bear little resemblance to the real thing as in a black and white drawing infants rarely explore them

13. 38 Toddlers are used to failing in many of the tasks they try to perform.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：YES

    原文定位：Interestingly, most of the children showed little reaction to their failed attempts. We think this probably reflects the fact that toddlers' daily lives are full of unsuccessful attempts to do one thing or another

14. 39 The confusion of symbols and real objects has little significance for educational practice.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：NO

    原文定位：This confusion has implications for educational practice. Teachers everywhere use blocks or other objects to represent numerical quantity. However, if young children do not understand the relation between an object and what it represents, this could be counterproductive

15. 40 Children-enjoy reading 3D-books more than 2D-books.
    • YES
    • NO
    • NOT GIVEN

    答案：NOT GIVEN