# Save endangered language - 科目：雅思阅读真题（Part 3） - 考频：中频 - 最近考试：2024.7.27/2023.1.28/2019.12.12 - 题目数：14 - 来源页：https://www.yaquan.site/paper/ffe86d4d-d9ae-4520-b1df-d6717571a904（在线机考练习与音频请访问该页面） - 数据更新：2026-10-29 ## 题目原文 “Obviously we must do some serious rethinking of our priorities, lest linguistics go down in history as the only science that presided obviously over the disappearance of 90 percent of the very field to which it is dedicated. “-Michael Krauss, “The World’s Languages in Crisis ”. A Ten years ago Michael Krauss sent a shudder through the discipline of linguistics with his prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages spoken in the world would cease to be uttered within a century.Unless scientists and community leaders directed a worldwide effort to stabilize the decline of local languages,he warned,nine tenths of the linguistic diversity of humankind would probably be doomed to extinction.Krauss’s prediction was little more than an educated guess,but other respected linguists had been clanging out similar alarms.Keneth L. Hale of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology noted in the same journal issue that eight languages on which he had done fieldwork had since passed into extinction.A 1990 survey in Australia found that 70 of the 90 surviving Aboriginal languages were no longer used regularly by all age groups.The same was true for all but 20 of the 175 Native American languages spoken or remembered in the US., Krauss told a congressional panel in 1992. B Many experts in the field mourn the loss of rare languages, for several reasons.To start, there is scientific self-interest: some of the most basic questions in linguistics have to do with the limits of human speech, which are far from fully explored.Many researchers would like to know which structural elements of grammar and vocabulary-if any-are truly universal and probably therefore hardwired into the human brain.Other scientists try to reconstruct ancient migration patterns by comparing borrowed words that appear in otherwise unrelated languages.In each of these cases,the wider the portfolio of languages you study,the more likely you are to get the right answers. C Despite the near constant buzz in linguistics about endangered languages over the past 10 years,the field has accomplished depressingly little.“You would think that there would be some organized response to this dire situation,”some attempt to determine which language can be saved and which should b e documented before they disappear, says Sarah G. Thomason,a linguist at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. “But there isn’tany such effort organized in the profession.It is only recently that it has become fashionable enough to work on endangered languages.”Six years ago, recalls Douglas H. Whalen of Yale University,“when I asked linguists who wasraising money to deal with these problems,I mostly got blank stares.”So Whalen and a few other linguists founded the Endangered Languages Fund.In the five years to 2001 they were able to collect only $80,000 for research grants.A similar foundation in England, directed by Nicholas Ostler, has raised just $8,000 since 1995. D But there are encouraging signs that the field has turned a corner.The Volkswagen Foundation,a German charity,just issued its second round of grants totaling more than $2 million.It has created a multimedia archive at the MaxPlanck Institute for Psycholinguistics in the Netherlands that can house recordings,grammars,dictionaries and other data on endangered languages.To fill the archive,the foundation has dispatched field linguists to document Aweti (100 or so speakers in Brazil), Ega (about 300 speakers in Ivory Coast),Waima’a (a few hundred speakers in East Timor), and a dozen or so other languages unlikely to survive the century. The Ford Foundation has also edged into the arena. Its contributions helped to reinvigorate a master-apprentice program created in 1992 by Leanne Hinton of Berkeley and Native Americans worried about the imminent demise of about 50 indigenous languages in California. Fluent speakers receive $3,000 to teach a younger relative (who is also paid) their native tongue through 360 hours of shared activities, spread over six months.So far about 5 teams have completed the program, Hinton says, transmitting at least some knowledge of 25 languages.“It’s too early to call this language revitalization,”Hinton admits. “In California the death rate of elderly speakers will always be greater than the recruitment rate of young speakers.But at least we prolong the survival of the language.”That will give linguists more time to record these tongues before they vanish. E But the master-apprentice approach hasn’t caught on outside the U.S., and Hinton’s effort is a drop in the sea. At least 440 languages have been reduced to a mere handful of elders, according to the Ethnologue, a catalogue of languages produced by the Dallas-based group SIL International thatcomes closest to global coverage. For the vast majority of these languages, there is little or no record of their grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation or use in daily life. Even if a language has been fully documented, all that remains once it vanishes from active use is a fossil skeleton, a scattering of features that the scientist was lucky and astute enough to capture. Linguists may be able to sketch an outline of the forgotten language and fix its place on the evolutionary tree, but little more. “How did people start conversations and talk to babies? Howdid husbands and wives converse?”Hinton asks. “Those are the first things you want to learn when you want to revitalize the language.” F But there is as yet no discipline of “conservation linguistics, ”as there is forbiology. Almost every strategy tried so far has succeeded in some places but failed in others, and there seems to be no way to predict with certainty what will work where. Twenty years ago in New Zealand,Maori speakers set up “language nests,”in which preschoolers were immersed in the native language.Additional Maori-only classes were added as the children progressed through elementary and secondary school.A similar approach was tried in Hawaii, with some success-the number of native speakers has stabilized at 1,000 or so,reports Joseph E. Grimes of SIL International, who is working on Oahu. Students can now get instruction in Hawaiian all the way through university. G One factor that always seems to occur in the demise of a language is that the speakers begin to have collective doubts about the usefulness of language loyalty.Once they start regarding their own language as inferior to the majority language,people stop using it for all situations.Kids pick up on the attitude andprefer the dominant language.In many cases,people don’t notice until they suddenly realize that their kids never speak the language,even at home.This is how Cornish and some dialects of Scottish Gaelic is still only rarely used for daily home life in Ireland,80 years after the republic was founded with Irish as its first official language. H Linguists agree that ultimately, the answer to the problem of language extinction is multilingualism.Even uneducated people can learn several languages, as long as they start as children.Indeed,most people in the world speak more than one tongue, and in places such as Cameroon (279 languages), Papua New Guinea (823) and India (387) it is common to speak three or four distinct languages and a dialect or two as well. Most Americans and Canadians,to the west of Quebec,have a gut reaction that anyone speaking another language in front of them is committing an immoral act.You get the same reaction in Australia and Russia.It is no coincidence that these are the areas where languages are disappearing the fastest.The first step in saving dying languages is to persuade the world’s majorities to allow the minorities among them to speak with their own voices. ## 题目与答案 ### 27. 27 Paragraph A 27 Paragraph A - data consistency needed for language - consensus on an initiative recommendation for saving dying out languages - positive gains for protection - minimum requirement for saving a language - potential threat to minority language - value of minority language to linguists **答案**：potential threat to minority language 原文定位：Michael Krauss;prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages;would cease to be uttered within a century;nine tenths of the linguistic diversity;would probably be doomed to extinction 同义替换：「Potential threat」↔「cease to be uttered」；「minority language」↔「linguistic diversity」 ### 28. 28 Paragraph B 28 Paragraph B - data consistency needed for language - consensus on an initiative recommendation for saving dying out languages - positive gains for protection - minimum requirement for saving a language - potential threat to minority language - value of minority language to linguists **答案**：value of minority language to linguists 原文定位：Many experts in the field mourn the loss of rare languages;for several reasons;To start;there is scientific self;interest;some of the most basic questions in linguistics have to do with the limits of human speech; 同义替换：「minority」↔「rare」；「linguists」↔「experts in the field」 ### 29. 29 Paragraph D 29 Paragraph D - data consistency needed for language - consensus on an initiative recommendation for saving dying out languages - positive gains for protection - minimum requirement for saving a language - potential threat to minority language - value of minority language to linguists **答案**：positive gains for protection 原文定位：But there are encouraging signs that the field has turned a corner;The Volkswagen Foundation,a German charity,just issued its second round of grants totaling more than $2 million;But at least we prolong the survival of the language 同义替换：「positive」↔「encouraging」；「protection」↔「revitalize」 ### 30. 30 Paragraph E 30 Paragraph E - data consistency needed for language - consensus on an initiative recommendation for saving dying out languages - positive gains for protection - minimum requirement for saving a language - potential threat to minority language - value of minority language to linguists **答案**：data consistency needed for language 原文定位：For the vast majority of these languages, there is little or no record of their grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation or use in daily life. Even if a language has been fully documented, all that remains once it vanishes from active use is a fossil skeleton 同义替换：「data consistency」↔「fully documented」；「needed for language」↔「grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation or use in daily life」 ### 31. 31 Paragraph F 31 Paragraph F - data consistency needed for language - consensus on an initiative recommendation for saving dying out languages - positive gains for protection - minimum requirement for saving a language - potential threat to minority language - value of minority language to linguists **答案**：native language program launched 原文定位：Twenty years ago in New Zealand, Maori speakers set up “language nests;A similar approach was tried in Hawaii;Students can now get instruction in Hawaiian all the way through university 同义替换：「native language program」↔「instruction in Hawaiian」；「launched」↔「set up」 ### 32. 32 Paragraph G 32 Paragraph G - data consistency needed for language - consensus on an initiative recommendation for saving dying out languages - positive gains for protection - minimum requirement for saving a language - potential threat to minority language - value of minority language to linguists **答案**：subjective doubts as a negative factor 原文定位：One factor that always seems to occur in the demise of a language is that the speakers begin to have collective doubts about the usefulness of language loyalty 同义替换：「Subjective」↔「collective」；「negative factor」↔「demise of a language」 ### 33. 33 Paragraph H 33 Paragraph H - data consistency needed for language - consensus on an initiative recommendation for saving dying out languages - positive gains for protection - minimum requirement for saving a language - potential threat to minority language - value of minority language to linguists **答案**：consensus on an initiative recommendation for saving dying out languages 原文定位：Linguists agree that ultimately, the answer to the problem of language extinction is multilingualism;The first step in saving dying languages is to persuade the world’s majorities to allow the minorities among them to speak with their own voices 同义替换：「consensus」↔「agree」；「initiative recommendation」↔「first step」；「dying out」↔「extinction」 ### 34. Reported language conservation practice in Hawaii Reported language conservation practice in Hawaii - Nicholas Ostler - Michael Krauss - Joseph E. Grimes - Sarah G. Thomason - Keneth L. Hale - Douglas H. Whalen **答案**：Joseph E. Grimes 原文定位：A similar approach was tried in Hawaii, with some success-the number of native speakers has stabilized at 1,000 or so,reports Joseph E. Grimes of SIL International, who is working on Oahu 同义替换：「conservation practice」↔「similar approach」 ### 35. Predicted that many languages would disappear soon Predicted that many languages would disappear soon - Nicholas Ostler - Michael Krauss - Joseph E. Grimes - Sarah G. Thomason - Keneth L. Hale - Douglas H. Whalen **答案**：Michael Krauss 原文定位：Ten years ago Michael Krauss sent a shudder through the discipline of linguistics with his prediction that half the 6,000 or so languages spoken in the world would cease to be uttered within a century 同义替换：「many」↔「half」；「would disappear soon」↔「cease to be uttered」 ### 36. Experienced languages die out personally Experienced languages die out personally - Nicholas Ostler - Michael Krauss - Joseph E. Grimes - Sarah G. Thomason - Keneth L. Hale - Douglas H. Whalen **答案**：Keneth L. Hale 原文定位：Keneth L. Hale of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology noted in the same journal issue that eight languages on which he had done fieldwork had since passed into extinction 同义替换：「Experienced」↔「had done fieldwork」；「die out」↔「passed into extinction」 ### 37. Raised language fund in England Raised language fund in England - Nicholas Ostler - Michael Krauss - Joseph E. Grimes - Sarah G. Thomason - Keneth L. Hale - Douglas H. Whalen **答案**：Nicholas Ostler 原文定位：A similar foundation in England, directed by Nicholas Ostler, has raised just $8,000 since 1995 ### 38. Not enough effort on saving until recent work Not enough effort on saving until recent work - Nicholas Ostler - Michael Krauss - Joseph E. Grimes - Sarah G. Thomason - Keneth L. Hale - Douglas H. Whalen **答案**：Sarah G. Thomason 原文定位：You would think that there would be some organized response to this dire situation;But there isn’tany such effort organized in the profession.It is only recently that it has become fashionable enough to work on endangered languages.”Six years ago, recalls Douglas H. Whalen of Yale University 同义替换：「Not enough effort」↔「no organized response」；「until recent work」↔「fashionable enough to work on endangered languages」 ### 39. 39 What is purpose of master-apprentice program sponsored by The Ford Foundation? 39 What is purpose of master-apprentice program sponsored by The Ford Foundation? - Teach children how to speak - Revive endangered language - Preserve endanger red language - Increase communication between students **答案**：Preserve endanger red language 原文定位：Its contributions helped to reinvigorate a master-apprentice program;But at least we prolong the survival of the language;That will give linguists more time to record these tongues before they vanish 同义替换：「preserve」↔「record」；「endangered」↔「dying」 ### 40. 40 What should majority language speaker should do according to the last paragraph? 40 What should majority language speaker should do according to the last paragraph? - They should teach their children endangered language. - They should learn at least four languages. - They should show their loyalty to a dying language. - They should be more tolerant to minority language speaker. **答案**：They should be more tolerant to minority language speaker. 原文定位：The first step in saving dying languages is to persuade the world’s majorities to allow the minorities among them to speak with their own voices 同义替换：「be more tolerant」↔「allow」；「minority language speaker」↔「speak with their own voices」 --- 以上内容由鸭圈雅思真题库（www.yaquan.site）提供，收录近期雅思考试真题回忆，支持在线机考模式免费练习。