The development and production of the pencil

题目与答案

1. History of writing instruments

   Product design is often the result of 31_____ .

   答案：evolution

   原文定位：I'll first go through a brief survey of the history of writing instruments because I think it's important to understand that a great deal of product design, like that of the pencil, actually occurs through a process of evolution

   同义替换：「often the result of」↔「occurs through a process of」

2. - the earliest humans used stones to draw on cave walls

   - businessmen started to apply tools like sticks to write in wet day tablets

   - the early Greeks and Romans began to write with 32_____ .

   答案：bones

   原文定位：In Europe, the early Greeks and Romans tended to utilize a writing stylus fashioned from bone to write on tablets

3. - then, Chinese people invented 33_____

   答案：ink

   原文定位：In Asia, the Chinese were the first people to combine soot with oil and other ingredients in order to produce ink, which they applied with brushes

   同义替换：「invented」↔「produce」

4. - in the west, pens made of 34_____

   答案：feathers

   原文定位：Back in the West, the writing instruments which dominated for the longest period in history from about seven hundred AD for a thousand years were pens made from feathers

5. Revolution in writing

   - at first, the graphite was wrapped in 35_____

   答案：string

   原文定位：Initially, when used for writing, the graphite was covered in string or enclosed in a metal tube

   同义替换：「at first」↔「Initially」，「wrapped in」↔「covered in」

6. - in 1700s, graphite was put into wooden sticks

   - by 1890s, paint was applied to make pencils more attractive

   - for marketing, people gave a popular 36_____ to their pencils to promote loyalty

   答案：name

   原文定位：With an increasingly sophisticated eye to marketing, some of them also came up with a catchy name for their pencils to increase their distinctiveness, particularly so schoolchildren would develop a habit of always buying a particular brand

   同义替换：「gave a popular」↔「came up with a catchy」，「promote loyalty」↔「encourage customers to stick to the brand」

7. Modern Manufacturing Process

   The graphite is made into a 37_____

   ↓

   答案：powder

   原文定位：First, the graphite is ground into a powder

   同义替换：「made into」↔「ground into」

8. combined with clay and shaped in rods, graphite was put in ovens to make it 38_____

   ↓

   答案：hard

   原文定位：Next, the graphite is mixed with clay and shaped into long rods, which are then baked in ovens, resulting in a hard material which can be used for writing or drawing

   同义替换：「combined」↔「mixed」，「make it」↔「resulting in」

9. the leads are dipped in 39_____ to make it suitable for writing

   ↓

   答案：wax

   原文定位：Finally, the leads are immersed in wax to give them that smoothness needed for writing

   同义替换：「dipped in」↔「immersed in」，「suitable for」↔「give them smoothness needed for」

10. the wood applied to enclose the graphite is heated to remove 40_____ .

    答案：oil

    原文定位：It is first seasoned and oven-dried to eliminate the oil in it

    同义替换：「heated」↔「oven-dried」，「remove」↔「eliminate」