雅思阅读真题（Part 3）
旅游业的矛盾与两难
本篇也叫：旅游业的矛盾、旅游的矛盾、旅游业矛盾、旅游利弊、旅游业的悖论、旅游 矛盾 雅思
Part 3 · 最近考试：2026.10.18宁波大学
本篇为雅思阅读真题（Part 3）《The contradictions of tourism》，共 14 题，2026.10.18宁波大学雅思考试真题回忆，页面提供完整原文、题目、答案与解析，并支持在线机考模式免费练习。本页同时提供 Markdown 版本 供 AI 助手与搜索引擎直接读取。
文章讨论国际旅游业的矛盾性：它被视为发展中国家理想的出口产业，可依托独特文化与自然环境，但需要机场、酒店、卫生、道路和医疗等基础设施，政府自建或吸引外资各有代价；旅游业投资风险高，可能因度假地过时、飓风或政治危机而衰退；游客追求真实与原真，却只能通过节庆展示、门票和标识等人工框架来满足；旅游还偏好手工艺品、服饰等可商品化的可见文化，忽视乘车礼仪、对待老人等不可见规则。
Tourism may bring benefits to a society but its effects are not always straightforward.
A
International tourism presents itself as straightforward, passive and benign, yet it is complex, interesting and important, full of contradictions and depths. It has enormous growth potential; almost every country desires an expansion in this sector. Yet whether and how to grow is not nearly as straightforward as one might hope.
B
Tourism can provide the ideal export for developing countries, which can capitalize on their unique cultures and natural environments. However, to do this they need to have features such as airports, hotels, sanitation facilities, roads and medical facilities. A government can build these itself, using revenue from local taxes or getting finance from foreign lenders. Alternatively, the government may attract foreign investment, allowing others to pay for the building, thus relieving itself of providing capital but forgoing profits.
C
Tourism is, however, a risky investment. It can gradually decline as a resort becomes seen as outdated, or it can be destroyed overnight by a single hurricane, or a political emergency. Even when successful, countries and localities are faced with a dilemma: keep it within limits, or extend its benefits but also deepen dependence on a single, fickle industry.
D
By definition, tourists travel to see and knowingly to encounter the different, the original, the authentic. In this increasingly global world, what they want is regional and unique. But only through artifice can the tourist demand for authenticity be met. An event such as a festival or ceremony needs to be brought to their attention and its importance and unique nature elaborated to them. Natural sites, too, need to be presented if they are to be regarded as noteworthy; gates, permits, and notices are required to set them apart from the mundane. Complicated framing and staging allows tourists to recognize, by sight, 'the actual thing'.
E
Tourism places a premium on the parts of a culture that are visible, such as handicrafts and costume, and disregards those that are not, like the rules governing seating on a bus, attitudes to the elderly, or appropriate ways of addressing family members; in this way, tourism favors what can be commodified. Yet commodities can be produced most efficiently using Industrial machinery to take advantage of economies of scale, an option closed to village artisans. This alienates the producers from what is being produced, and means the product no longer has any personal meaning to them.
F
In addition, cultural idiosyncrasies and natural spectacles change over time. Tourists can't be attracted, however, to an unstable and ambiguous culture, or to a natural site that is in the process of transforming itself. As a consequence, efforts are made to fix and standardize: folk dances, tortilla-making, peace pipes, bird habitats and the course of the Amazon have all been bound and defined. Had they not been fixed, however, they would not be accessible.
G
Tourism also promotes an external orientation. Like other exports, the 'tourism experience' is produced by local people, and consumed by foreigners. To obtain loans and ultimately create revenue, a government (of whatever size) has to please outside investors and potential travelers. In these ways, tourism can result in a political system becoming more authoritarian and giving less consideration to the needs of individuals within the country.
H
In recent years, with increased awareness of some of these dangers, the phenomenon of ecotourism has developed. This has been seen as a way to prevent and reverse the environmental degradation resulting from tourism as well as from general human activity. Ecotourists distance themselves from mainstream hotel tourists, and also from adventure tourists like those who have, for example, left rubbish at the base of Mount Everest in Nepal. They want to do things like sleep in tents on platforms in tropical rainforests, swim among the fish on coral reefs, or walk over a tree canopy on a net bridge. They value the ecosystem as it is and are willing to pay for its preservation. In this way, they create an incentive for local people to refrain from using natural resources for short-term gain.
I
However, what is fortunate for the birds is not always so fortunate for the local people. In order to be environmentally sustainable, ecotourists have to be few in number. The economies of scale that allow tourism to be profitable cannot operate in a small bush camp. Camping doesn't generate much revenue. Ecotourism proves that tourism does not have to be in conflict with environmental preservation. Unfortunately, it also proves that the realm in which the environment and the economy can be mutually supporting is tiny.
J
Furthermore, Westerners' interest in biodiversity often means that the tourist wants to listen to a parrot, not a local elder, and that dollars bypass beggars on their way to support trees. Thus ecotourists' environmental awareness can stand in contrast to their indifference to the local human community. Tourism always contains a message: this is what we value, this is what we don't.
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答案：infrastructure
原文定位：Tourism can provide the ideal export for developing countries, which can capitalize on their unique cultures and natural environments. However, to do this they need to have features such as airports, hotels, sanitation facilities, roads and medical facilities
同义替换：「build things like roads」↔「airports, hotels, sanitation facilities, roads and medical facilities」，「necessary for tourism」↔「to do this they need to have features」，「developing country」↔「developing countries」
答案：loans
原文定位：A government can build these itself, using revenue from local taxes or getting finance from foreign lenders
同义替换：「taxes from residents」↔「revenue from local taxes」，「from other countries」↔「foreign lenders」，「provide capital」↔「getting finance」
答案：investment
原文定位：Alternatively, the government may attract foreign investment, allowing others to pay for the building, thus relieving itself of providing capital but forgoing profits
同义替换：「from abroad」↔「foreign」，「will not receive any financial gain」↔「forgoing profits」，「what is built」↔「the building」
答案：perceptions
原文定位：It can gradually decline as a resort becomes seen as outdated, or it can be destroyed overnight by a single hurricane, or a political emergency
同义替换：「natural disasters」↔「hurricane」，「political events」↔「political emergency」，「how modern the resort is」↔「a resort becomes seen as outdated」，「Tourism may be affected」↔「It can gradually decline」
答案：expansion
原文定位：Even when successful, countries and localities are faced with a dilemma: keep it within limits, or extend its benefits but also deepen dependence on a single, fickle industry
同义替换：「Even if the development of tourism is successful」↔「Even when successful」，「has to decide whether」↔「are faced with a dilemma」，「expansion」↔「extend」
答案：is created in an unnatural manner.
原文定位：But only through artifice can the tourist demand for authenticity be met
同义替换：「authentic experience」↔「authenticity」，「for tourists」↔「the tourist demand」，「is created in an unnatural manner」↔「through artifice」
答案：an aspect of culture which tourism tends to ignore.
原文定位：Tourism places a premium on the parts of a culture that are visible, such as handicrafts and costume, and disregards those that are not, like the rules governing seating on a bus, attitudes to the elderly, or appropriate ways of addressing family members; in this way, tourism favors what can be commodified
同义替换：「rules governing seating on a bus」↔「the rules governing seating on a bus」，「as an example of」↔「like」，「tourism tends to ignore」↔「disregards those that are not」
答案：how they are made.
原文定位：Tourism places a premium on the parts of a culture that are visible, such as handicrafts and costume, and disregards those that are not, like the rules governing seating on a bus, attitudes to the elderly, or appropriate ways of addressing family members; in this way, tourism favors what can be commodified. Yet commodities can be produced most efficiently using Industrial machinery to take advantage of economies of scale, an option closed to village artisans. This alienates the producers from what is being produced, and means the product no longer has any personal meaning to them
同义替换：「traditionally‑made objects」↔「handicrafts」，「Tourists' interest」↔「tourism favors what can be commodified」，「may lead to changes in」↔「produced most efficiently using Industrial machinery」
答案：may be prevented from developing naturally.
原文定位：As a consequence, efforts are made to fix and standardize: folk dances, tortilla;making, peace pipes, bird habitats and the course of the Amazon have all been bound and defined. Had they not been fixed, however, they would not be accessible
同义替换：「folk dances」↔「folk dances」，「may be prevented from developing naturally」↔「fix and standardize」
答案：FALSE
原文定位：In order to be environmentally sustainable, ecotourists have to be few in number. The economies of scale that allow tourism to be profitable cannot operate in a small bush camp. Camping doesn't generate much revenue
同义替换：「Ecotourism」↔「ecotourists」，「more profitable」↔「generate much revenue」，「mass tourism」↔「economies of scale」，「because it requires fewer facilities」↔「」
答案：TRUE
原文定位：In order to be environmentally sustainable, ecotourists have to be few in number
同义替换：「protect the environment」↔「environmentally sustainable」，「Limiting the number of ecotourists」↔「ecotourists have to be few in number」，「is necessary」↔「have to be」
答案：TRUE
原文定位：Furthermore, Westerners' interest in biodiversity often means that the tourist wants to listen to a parrot, not a local elder, and that dollars bypass beggars on their way to support trees
同义替换：「ecotourists」↔「the tourist」，「interacting with wildlife」↔「listen to a parrot」，「engaging with local residents」↔「a local elder」，「prefer」↔「wants to」
答案：FALSE
原文定位：However, what is fortunate for the birds is not always so fortunate for the local people
同义替换：「local community」↔「local people」，「always benefits」↔「not always so fortunate for」
答案：TRUE
原文定位：In these ways, tourism can result in a political system becoming more authoritarian and giving less consideration to the needs of individuals within the country
同义替换：「Tourism」↔「tourism」，「can influence」↔「can result in」